571
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research Article

Profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder and negative world assumptions in treatment-seeking refugees

Perfiles de trastorno de estrés postraumático y supuestos negativos sobre el mundo en refugiados que buscan tratamiento

ORCID Icon, , &
Article: 2314915 | Received 28 Aug 2023, Accepted 23 Jan 2024, Published online: 14 Feb 2024

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Arntz, A., Sofi, D., & van Breukelen, G. (2013). Imagery rescripting as treatment for complicated PTSD in refugees: A multiple baseline case series study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(6), 274–283. .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.02.009
  • Arntz, A. (2015). Imagery rescripting for posttraumatic stress disorder. In N. Thoma & D. McKay (Eds.), Working with emotion in cognitive-behavioral therapy: Techniques for clinical practice (pp. 203–205). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model. Mplus web Notes, 21(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181
  • Blackmore, R., Boyle, J. A., Fazel, M., Ranasinha, S., Gray, K. M., Fitzgerald, G., Misso, M., & Gibson-Helm, M. (2020). The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 17(9), e1003337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003337
  • Bonanno, G. A., & Mancini, A. D. (2012). Beyond resilience and PTSD: Mapping the heterogeneity of responses to potential trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017829
  • Boterhoven de Haan, K. L., Fassbinder, E., Hayes, C., & Lee, C. W. (2019). A schema therapy approach to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 29(1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000120
  • Brewin, C. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2003). Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(3), 339–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00033-3
  • Brown, L. A., Belli, G. M., Asnaani, A., & Foa, E. B. (2019). A review of the role of negative cognitions about oneself, others, and the world in the treatment of PTSD. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43(1), 143–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9938-1
  • Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01246098
  • Cloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Han, H. (2005). Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse. Behavior Therapy, 36(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80060-7
  • Cockram, D. M., Drummond, P. D., & Lee, C. W. (2010). Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.690
  • Crumlish, N., & O'Rourke, K. (2010). A systematic review of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees and asylum-seekers. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 198(4), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d61258
  • Daie-Gabai, A., Aderka, I. M., Allon-Schindel, I., Foa, E. B., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2011). Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Psychometric properties and gender differences in an Israeli sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(2), 266–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.012
  • de la Rie, S. M., van Sint Fiet, A., Bos, J. B., Mooren, N., Smid, G., & Gersons, B. P. (2021). Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for Moral Trauma (BEP-MT): treatment protocol description and a case study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1929026. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1929026
  • Dekel, S., Peleg, T., & Solomon, Z. (2013). The relationship of PTSD to negative cognitions: A 17-year longitudinal study. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 76(3), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.3.241
  • DiStefano, C., & Kamphaus, R. (2006). Investigating subtypes of child development: A comparison of cluster analysis and latent class cluster analysis in typology creation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(5), 778–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405284033
  • Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (1999). Cognitive factors involved in the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(9), 809–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00181-8
  • Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
  • Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Dunmore, E., Jaycox, L., Meadows, E., & Foa, E. B. (1998). Predicting response to exposure treatment in PTSD: The role of mental defeat and alienation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(3), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024448511504
  • Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(4), 413–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.006
  • Ehlers, A., Maercker, A., & Boos, A. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder following political imprisonment: The role of mental defeat, alienation, and perceived permanent change. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.45
  • Elklit, A., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2014). Evidence of symptom profiles consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in different trauma samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 24221. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.24221
  • Elklit, A., Shevlin, M., Solomon, Z., & Dekel, R. (2007). Factor structure and concurrent validity of the world assumptions scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(3), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20203
  • Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6
  • Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
  • Heim, E., Karatzias, T., & Maercker, A. (2022). Cultural concepts of distress and complex PTSD: Future directions for research and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102143. https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.1016j.cpr.2022.102143
  • Herta, D. C., Nemes, B., & Cozman, D. (2017). Cognitive appraisal of exposure to specific types of trauma-a study of gender differences. BMC Women's Health, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0468-x
  • Hollifield, M., Warner, T. D., Lian, N., Krakow, B., Jenkins, J. H., Kesler, J., Stevenson, J., & Westermeyer, J. (2002). Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: A critical review. Jama, 288(5), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.5.611
  • Iverson, K. M., King, M. W., Cunningham, K. C., & Resick, P. A. (2015). Rape survivors’ trauma-related beliefs before and after cognitive processing therapy: Associations with PTSD and depression symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 66, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.002
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.
  • Jones, J., Sarson, J., & MacDonald, L. (2018). How non-state torture is gendered and invisibilized: Canada’s non-compliance with the committee against torture’s recommendations. In Gender perspectives on torture: Law and practice (pp. 33–56). Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law Anti-Torture Initiative. https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/center/documents/gender-perspectives-on-torture/
  • Jongedijk, R. A., Boelen, P. A., Knipscheer, J. W., & Kleber, R. J. (2023). Unity or anarchy? A historical search for the psychological consequences of psychotrauma. Review of General Psychology, 10892680231153096.
  • Jongedijk, R. A., Eising, D. D., van der Aa, N., Kleber, R. J., & Boelen, P. A. (2020). Severity profiles of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in treatment seeking traumatized refugees. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.077
  • Karatzias, T., Cloitre, M., Maercker, A., Kazlauskas, E., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., & Brewin, C. R. (2017). PTSD and complex PTSD: ICD-11 updates on concept and measurement in the UK, USA, Germany and Lithuania. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup7), 1418103. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1418103
  • Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., Roberts, N., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., & Cloitre, M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 trauma questionnaire (ICD-TQ). Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.032
  • Kartal, D., Alkemade, N., & Kiropoulos, L. (2019). Trauma and mental health in resettled refugees: Mediating effect of host language acquisition on posttraumatic stress disorder, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Transcultural Psychiatry, 56(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461518789538
  • Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods: Statistical analysis (pp. 551–611). Oxford University Press.
  • McCann, I. L., Sakheim, D. K., & Abrahamson, D. J. (1988). Trauma and victimization: A model of psychological adaptation. The Counseling Psychologist, 16(4), 531–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000088164002
  • McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2017). Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004
  • Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2017). The mental health of civilians displaced by armed conflict: An ecological model of refugee distress. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000172
  • Minihan, S., Liddell, B. J., Byrow, Y., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018). Patterns and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees: A latent class analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 232, 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.010
  • Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(2), 111–116. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1737972.
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. (2017). Mplus user's guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables, user's guide. Muthén & Muthén.
  • Nickerson, A., Liddell, B. J., Maccallum, F., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Bryant, R. A. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-106
  • Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396
  • Palic, S., & Elklit, A. (2011). Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adult refugees: A systematic review of prospective treatment outcome studies and a critique. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131(1-3), 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.005
  • Pérez-Sales, P., & Zraly, M. (2018). From sexualized torture and gender-based torture to genderized torture: The urgent need for a conceptual evolution. Torture: Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, 28(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i3.111179
  • Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. Jama, 294(5), 602–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.602
  • Reis, A. M., de Francisco Carvalho, L., & Elhai, J. D. (2016). Relationship between PTSD and pathological personality traits in context of disasters. Psychiatry Research, 241, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.099
  • Schnyder, U., Müller, J., Morina, N., Schick, M., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2015). A comparison of DSM-5 and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(4), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22023
  • Schulz, P. M., Resick, P. A., Huber, L. C., & Griffin, M. G. (2006). The effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy for PTSD with refugees in a community setting. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 13(4), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.011
  • Sengoelge, M., Johnson-Singh, C. M., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Vaez, M., & Saboonchi, F. (2019). Identifying subgroups of refugees from Syria resettled in Sweden based on multiple trauma exposures: A latent class analysis of trauma history and mental health outcomes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 125, 109814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109814
  • Sexton, M. B., Davis, M. T., Bennett, D. C., Morris, D. H., & Rauch, S. A. (2018). A psychometric evaluation of the posttraumatic cognitions inventory with veterans seeking treatment following military trauma exposure. Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 232–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.048
  • Silove, D., Baker, J. R., Mohsin, M., Teesson, M., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Carragher, N., Slade, T., & Mills, K. (2017). The contribution of gender-based violence and network trauma to gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder. PLoS One, 12(2), e0171879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171879
  • Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 302(5), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1132
  • van Bruggen, V., Ten Klooster, P. M., van der Aa, N., Smith, A. J. M., Westerhof, G. J., & Glas, G. (2018). Structural validity of the world assumption scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(6), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22348
  • United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2004). Istanbul protocol: Manual on the effective investigation and documentation of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Vol. 8). United Nations Publications.
  • Van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(4), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.686740
  • Van Emmerik, A., Schoorl, M., Emmelkamp, P., & Kamphuis, J. (2006). Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch version of the posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(7), 1053–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.07.002
  • Van Heemstra, H., Scholte, W., Ehring, T., & Boelen, P. (2020). Contextualizing cognitions: The relation between negative post-traumatic cognitions and post-traumatic stress among Palestinian refugees. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 13(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-020-00066-7
  • Wilker, S., Kleim, B., Geiling, A., Pfeiffer, A., Elbert, T., & Kolassa, I.-T. (2017). Mental defeat and cumulative trauma experiences predict trauma-related psychopathology: Evidence from a postconflict population in northern Uganda. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(6), 974–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/216770261771994
  • Wind, T. R., Van der Aa, N., De la Rie, S. M., & Knipscheer, J. (2017). The assessment of psychopathology among traumatized refugees: Measurement invariance of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Hopkins symptom checklist-25 across five linguistic groups. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup2), 1321357. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1321357
  • Yılmaz, B. (2008). Dünyaya ilişkin varsayımlar ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması: Ön çalışma. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(21), 41–51.