855
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Study Protocol

BLAME-LESS STUDY: a two-arm randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of an online psychoeducation programme for adolescents who have experienced physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse. Rationale, study design, and methods

ESTUDIO MENOS CULPA (BLAME-LESS): Un ensayo controlado aleatorizado de dos brazos que evalúa los efectos de un programa de psicoeducación en línea para adolescentes que han experimentado violencia física/sexual o abuso sexual. Justificación, diseño del estudio y métodos

, , , &
Article: 2315794 | Received 10 Jul 2023, Accepted 20 Jan 2024, Published online: 19 Feb 2024

References

  • Aakvaag, H. F., Thoresen, S., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Dyb, G., Røysamb, E., & Olff, M. (2016, November). Broken and guilty since it happened: A population study of trauma-related shame and guilt after violence and sexual abuse. Journal of Affective Disorders, 204, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.004
  • Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227
  • Bicanic, I. A., Hehenkamp, L. M., van de Putte, E. M., van Wijk, A. J., & de Jongh, A. (2015). Predictors of delayed disclosure of rape in female adolescents and young adults. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 25883. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.25883
  • Boulton, M. J., & Boulton, L. (2017). Modifying self-blame, self-esteem, and disclosure through a cooperative cross-age teaching intervention for bullying among adolescents. Violence and Victims, 32(4), 609–626. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00075
  • Bracha, H. S. (2004). Freeze, flight, fight, fright, faint: Adaptationist perspectives on the acute stress response spectrum. CNS Spectrums, 9(9), 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900001954
  • Brown, L. A., Belli, G. M., Asnaani, A., & Foa, E. B. (2018). A review of the role of negative cognitions about oneself, others, and the world in the treatment of PTSD. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43(1), 143–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9938-1
  • Coimbra, B. M., Hoeboer, C. M., van Zuiden, M., Williamson, R. E., D’Elia, A. T., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., & Olff, M. (2023). The relationship between tonic immobility and the development, severity, and course of posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic and meta-analytic literature review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 97, 102730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102730
  • Diehle, J., de Roos, C., Meiser-Stedman, R., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2015, Februari 23). The Dutch version of the Child Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory: Validation in a clinical sample and a school sample. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 26362. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.26362
  • Douglas, S. P., & Craig, S. C. (2007). Collaborative and iterative translation: An alternative approach to back-translation. Journal of International Marketing, 15(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.15.1.030
  • Downing, N. R., Akinlotan, M., & Thornhill, C. W. (2021). The impact of childhood sexual abuse and adverse childhood experiences on adult health related quality of life. Child Abuse & Neglect, 120, 105181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105181
  • Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (2003). Cognitive predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in children: Results of a prospective longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00126-7
  • Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Manual for the use of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. DATEC.
  • Gilbert, P. (2019). Distinguishing shame, humiliation and guilt: An evolutionary functional analysis and compassion focused interventions. The Bright Side of Shame, 413–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13409-9_27
  • Grandgenett, H. M., Steel, A. L., Brock, R. L., & DiLillo, D. (2022). Responding to disclosure of sexual assault: The potential impact of victimization history and rape myth acceptance. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5-6), 2102–2125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519898429
  • Gravelin, C. R., Biernat, M., & Bucher, C. E. (2019). Blaming the victim of acquaintance rape: Individual, situational, and sociocultural factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02422
  • Hagenaars, M. A. (2016). Tonic immobility and PTSD in a large community sample. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7(2), 246–260. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.051915
  • Holliday, R., Holder, N., & Surís, A. (2018). Reductions in self-blame cognitions predict PTSD improvements with cognitive processing therapy for military sexual trauma-related PTSD. Psychiatry Research, 263, 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.007
  • Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356–e366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4
  • John-Baptiste Bastien, R., Jongsma, H. E., Kabadayi, M., & Billings, J. (2020). The effectiveness of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 50(10), 1598–1612. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002007
  • Kalaf, J., Coutinho, E. S. F., Vilete, L. M. P., Luz, M. P., Berger, W., Mendlowicz, M., Volchan, E., Andreoli, S. B., Quintana, M. I., De Jesus Mari, J., & Figueira, I. (2017). Sexual trauma is more strongly associated with tonic immobility than other types of trauma – A population based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 215, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.009
  • Kenardy, J. A., Spence, S. H., & Macleod, A. C. (2006). Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in children after accidental injury. Pediatrics, 118(3), 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0406
  • Kernan, A., & Sullins, J. (2022). The relationship between adolescent risk-taking behavior and guilt versus shame proneness. Modern Psychological Studies, 28(1), Article 12. https://scholar.utc.edu/mps/vol28/iss1/12.
  • Kletter, H., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2009). Guilt and posttraumatic stress symptoms in child victims of interpersonal violence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104508100137
  • Kooij, L., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2019). Kind en Jeugd Trauma Screener (KJTS; kind- en ouderversie; vertaling Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen, Sachser e.a., 2017).
  • Kooij, L. H., van der Pol, T. M., Daams, J. G., Hein, I. M., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2022). Common elements of evidence-based trauma therapy for children and adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2079845
  • Kozlowska, K., Walker, P., McLean, L., & Carrive, P. (2015). Fear and the defense cascade. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(4), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065
  • Laun, S. (2015). Effectiveness of psychoeducation for adult survivors of sexual and domestic violence. PCOM Psychology Dissertations, Paper 340.
  • Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. Plenum.
  • MacGinley, M., Breckenridge, J., & Mowll, J. (2019). A scoping review of adult survivors’ experiences of shame following sexual abuse in childhood. Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(5), 1135–1146. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12771
  • Magill, N., Knight, R., McCrone, P., Ismail, K., & Landau, S. (2019). A scoping review of the problems and solutions associated with contamination in trials of complex interventions in mental health. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0646-z
  • Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Bryant, R., Salmon, K., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T., & Nixon, R. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(4), 432–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01995.x
  • Möller, A., Söndergaard, H. P., & Helström, L. (2017). Tonic immobility during sexual assault – a common reaction predicting post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depression. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 96(8), 932–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13174
  • Murphy, R. T., Thompson, K. E., Murray, M., Rainey, Q., & Uddo, M. M. (2009). Effect of a motivation enhancement intervention on veterans’ engagement in PTSD treatment. Psychological Services, 6(4), 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017577
  • Nöthling, J., Simmons, C., Suliman, S., & Seedat, S. (2017). Trauma type as a conditional risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder in a referred clinic sample of adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 76, 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.05.001
  • Øktedalen, T., Hoffart, A., & Langkaas, T. F. (2015). Trauma-related shame and guilt as time-varying predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during imagery exposure and imagery rescripting—A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, 25(5), 518–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.917217
  • Rogers, M. A., Lemmen, K., Kramer, R., Mann, J., & Chopra, V. (2017). Internet-delivered health interventions that work: Systematic review of meta-analyses and evaluation of website availability. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(3), e90. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7111
  • Sachser, C., Berliner, L., Holt, T., Jensen, T. K., Jungbluth, N., Risch, E., Rosner, R., & Goldbeck, L. (2017, maart). International development and psychometric properties of the Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS). Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.040
  • Schumm, J. A., Dickstein, B. D., Walter, K. H., Owens, G. P., & Chard, K. M. (2015). Changes in posttraumatic cognitions predict changes in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(6), 1161–1166. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000040
  • Stutterheim, T., Winkelhorst, K., Adolfsen, S., Knipschild, R., & van Minnen, A. (2022). The BLAME-LESS Program: A psychoeducation program about common defense responses during and after trauma for victims of violence and/or sexual abuse. https://ontschuldig.nl
  • Terwee, C. B., Roorda, L. D., de Vet, H. C., Dekker, J., Westhovens, R., van Leeuwen, J., Cella, D., Correia, H., Arnold, B., Perez, B., & Boers, M. (2014). Dutch-Flemish translation of 17 item banks from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS). Quality of Life Research, 23(6), 1733–1741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0611-6
  • Thielemann, J. F. B., Kasparik, B., König, J., Unterhitzenberger, J., & Rosner, R. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 134, 105899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105899
  • van der Bruggen, M., & Grubb, A. (2014). A review of the literature relating to rape victim blaming: An analysis of the impact of observer and victim characteristics on attribution of blame in rape cases. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(5), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.008
  • Van Minnen, A. (2017). Verlamd van angst: wat seksueel misbruik met je doet (1ste editie). Boom Lemma.
  • Zhou, X., Edirippulige, S., Bai, X., & Bambling, M. (2021). Are online mental health interventions for youth effective? A systematic review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 27(10), 638–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X211047285