Farm operation injuries among cocoa famers in Ghana: Investigating the causes, choice of treatment and compliance to safety standards

References

• Afzal, S., F. Salman, T. Hayat, U. K. Sherwani, U. A. Siddiqui, Q. M. Ishtiaq, M. Anwar, et al. 2013. “The Determinants of Self-Medications.” Annals of King Edward Medical University 19 (1): 70–76. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363234170_The_Determinants_of_Self_Medications.
   Google Scholar
• Alwall Svennefelt, C., E. Hunter, and A. M. Palsdottir. 2019. “Work Safety Interventions and Threat Complexity – A Formative Investigation Into Why Farmers Do Not Act Safely.” Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 26 (2). doi:10.26444/aaem/105798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aina, O., L. Gautam, P. Simkhada, and S. Hall. 2020. “Prevalence, Determinants and Knowledge About Herbal Medicine and non-Hospital Utilisation in Southwest Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMJ Open 10 (9): e040769. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso-Castro, A. J., A. J. Ruiz-Padilla, Y. Ruiz-Noa, C. Alba-Betancourt, F. Domínguez, L. D. R. Ibarra-Reynoso, J. J. Maldonado-Miranda, et al. 2018. “Self-Medication Practice in Pregnant Women from Central Mexico.” Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 26 (6): 886–890. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2018.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anaglo, J. N., S. D. Boateng, F. K. Swanzy, and K. M. Felix. 2014. “The Influence of Adoption of Improved Oil Palm Production Practices on the Livelihood Assets of Oil Palm Farmers in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana.” Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 4 (1): 88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Appiah, S. O. 2019. “Working Conditions and Exposure to Work Related Injuries and Accidents at Kokompe-Accra Ghana.” Ghana Journal of Geography 11 (2): 52–76.
   Google Scholar
• Bakhotmah, B. A., and H. A. Alzahrani. 2010. “Self-reported use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Products in Topical Treatment of Diabetic Foot Disorders by Diabetic Patients in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia.” BMC Research Notes 3 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbeau, E., C. Roelofs, R. Youngstrom, G. Sorensen, A. Stoddard, and A. D. LaMontagne. 2004. “Assessment of Occupational Safety and Health Programs in Small Businesses.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 45 (4): 371–379. doi:10.1002/ajim.10336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandari, Pritha. 2022. “Multistage Sampling, Introductory Guide & Examples.” Sribbr. Accessed October 13, 2022. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/multistage-sampling/.
   Google Scholar
• Biney, P. M. 2001. “Pesticide use Pattern and Insecticide Residue Levels in Tomato (Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill.) in Some Selected Production Systems in Ghana.” Unpublished M. Phil Thesis. University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Bosompem, M., and E. Mensah. 2012. “Occupational Hazards among Cocoa Farmers in the Birim South District in the Eastern Region of Ghana.” ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 7 (12).
   Google Scholar
• Brandão, G. R., L. Teixeira, L. Araújo, C. Paúl, and O. Ribeiro. 2020. “Self-medication in Older European Adults: Prevalence and Predictive Factors.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 91: 104189. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bymolt, R., A. Laven, and M. Tyszler. 2018. Demystifying the Cocoa Sector in Ghana and Côte D’Ivoire: Gender and Cocoa. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: The Royal Tropical Institute (KIT).
   Google Scholar
• Caffaro, F., M. Roccato, M. M. Cremasco, and E. Cavallo. 2018. “Part-Time Farmers and Accidents with Agricultural Machinery: A Moderated Mediated Model on the Role Played by Frequency of use and Unsafe Beliefs.” Journal of Occupational Health 60 (1): 80–84. doi:10.1539/joh.17-0061-BR.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo, Romer. 2016. “Who is Slovin and Where and How Did the Slovin’s Formula for Determining the Sample Size for Survey Research Originate?” ResearchGate, January 26. Accessed August 25, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Who-is-Slovin-and-where-and-how-did-the-Slovins-Formula-for-determining-the-sample-size-for-a-survey-research-originated.
   Google Scholar
• Courrier, D., C. Villier, S. Jourdan, and P. Hoffmann. 2015. “Automédication et Grossesse: Enquête Auprès de 740 Femmes Enceintes Dans le Réseau Périnatal Alpes-Isère.” La Revue Sage-Femme 14: 131–141. doi:10.1016/j.sagf.2015.06.002.
   Google Scholar
• Daghagh Yazd, S., S. A. Wheeler, and A. Zuo. 2019. “Key Risk Factors Affecting Farmers’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (23): 4849. doi:10.3390/ijerph16234849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimich-Ward, H., J. R. Guernsey, W. Pickett, L. Rennie, L. Hartling, and R. J. Brison. 2004. “Gender Differences in the Occurrence of Farm Related Injuries.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61 (1): 52–56. PMID: 14691273; PMCID: PMC1757798. http://oem.bmj.com/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duru, C. B., K. C. Diwe, K. A. Uwakwe, C. A. Duru, I. A. Merenu, A. C. Iwu, U. R. Oluoha, and I. Ohanle. 2016. “Combined Orthodox and Traditional Medicine use among Households in Orlu, Imo State, Nigeria: Prevalence and Determinants.” World Journal of Preventive Medicine 4 (1): 5–11. doi:10.12691/jpm-4-1-2.
   Google Scholar
• Fadiji, D., L. Okoji, and D. Akerele. 2021. “Quality of Life for Occupational Risks of Cocoa Farm Workers in Nigeria.” Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics 24 (1): 56–63. doi:10.15414/raae.2021.24.01.56-63.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, K. 2000. “Final Report, Farm Safety Survey.” Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Government Workplace Health and Safety, 119.
   Google Scholar
• Gerberich, S. G., R. W. Gibson, L. R. French, C. M. Renier, T.-Y. Lee, W. P. Carr, and J. Shutske. 2001. “Injuries among Children and Youth in Farm Households: Regional Rural Injury Study-I.” Injury Prevention 7 (2): 117–122. doi:10.1136/ip.7.2.117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerken, A., J. V. Suglo, and M. Braun. 2001. “Pesticides use and Policies in Ghana.” Pesticide Policy Project, Publication Series 10: 90.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, W. H. 2003. Econometric Analysis. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hulela, K., and M. Thobega. 2013. “Botswana Faith Leaders’ Attitudes Towards the use of Indigenous Medicinal Herbs.” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7: 1550–1556. doi:10.5897/JMPR12.138.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. 2004. “International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour: Safety and Health Fact Sheet, Hazardous Child Labour in Agriculture (COCOA).” Geneva: ILO. Accessed March 20, 2022. http://www.ilo.org/childlabour.
   Google Scholar
• Jafari, F., A. Khatony, and E. Rahmani. 2014. “Prevalence of Self-Medication among the Elderly in Kermanshah-Iran.” Global Journal of Health Science 7 (2): 360. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p360.
   Google Scholar
• Kaboub, F. 2008. “Positivist Paradigm.” Encyclopaedia of Counselling 2 (2): 343.
   Google Scholar
• Kahssay, S. W., G. Tadege, and F. Muhammed. 2022. “Self-medication Practice with Modern and Herbal Medicines and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.” Heliyon 8 (9): e10398. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovelock, K. 2012. “The Injured and Diseased Farmer: Occupational Health, Embodiment and Technologies of Harm and Care.” Sociology of Health & Illness 34 (4): 576–590. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01394.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marwa, K. J., A. Njalika, D. Ruganuza, D. Katabalo, and E. Kamugisha. 2018. “Self-Medication Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Makongoro Health Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania: A Challenge to Health Systems.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1642-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCombes, Shona. 2019. “Descriptive Research Design Definition, Methods and Examples.” Scribbr. Accessed September 4, 2022. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/.
   Google Scholar
• McCormick, T. R., F. Hopp, H. Nelson-Becker, A. L. Ai, J. O. Schlueter, and J. K. Camp. 2012. “Ethical and Spiritual Concerns Near the end of Life.” Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging 24 (4): 301–313. doi:10.1080/15528030.2012.698385.
   Google Scholar
• McNeill, M., and D. O’Neill. 1998. “Occupational Disorders in Ghanaian Subsistence Farmers.” In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society. Chartered Institute of Ergonomics & Human Factors, Loughborough, UK, 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Miyittah, M. K., B. Ansah, M. Kwadzo, S. Seidu-Larry, and R. K. Kosivi. 2022. “Assessment of Pesticide Exposure Risks among Cocoa Farmers in Western Region of Ghana.” International Journal of Pest Management 1–19. doi:10.1080/09670874.2022.2084175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, A. K., A. W. Arimiyaw, and S. U. Nachibi. 2023. “Prevalence, Patterns and Associated Factors of Self-Medication among Older Adults in Ghana.” Cogent Public Health 10 (1): 2183564. doi:10.1080/27707571.2023.2183564.
   Google Scholar
• Muilerman, S. 2013. “Occupational Safety and Health on Ghanaian Cocoa Farms.” Accessed November 7, 2021. https://cocoainitiative.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/10/Occupational-safety-and-health-on-Ghanaian-cocoafarms.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, V., K. Opoku, A. Martin, J. Bugri, and H. Posthumus, 2013. “Assessing the Poverty Impact of Sustainability Standards: Fairtrade in Ghanaian Cocoa.” London: DfID UK. doi:10.13140/2.1.1781.9209.
   Google Scholar
• Nicdao, E. G., and A. L. Ai. 2014. “Religion and the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) among Cardiac Patients.” Journal of Religion and Health 53: 864–877. doi:10.1007/s10943-013-9681-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, K. 2016. “Interventions to Reduce Injuries among Older Workers in Agriculture: A Review of Evaluated Intervention Projects.” Work 55 (2): 471–480. doi:10.3233/WOR-162407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Novak, J. R., T. Peak, J. Gast, and M. Arnell. 2019. “Associations Between Masculine Norms and Health-Care Utilization in Highly Religious, Heterosexual Men.” American Journal of Men’s Health 13 (3): 155798831985673. doi:10.1177/1557988319856739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, Tom. 2018. “As Farmers Age, Physical Changes Can Lead to Greater Injury Risk.” Nebraska Medicine. Accessed September 3, 2022. https://www.unmc.edu/newsroom/2018/12/20/as-farmers-age-physical-changes-can-lead-to-greater-injury-risk/.
   Google Scholar
• Okoffo, E. D., M. Mensah, and B. Y. Fosu-Mensah. 2016. “Pesticides Exposure and the use of Personal Protective Equipment by Cocoa Farmers in Ghana.” Environmental Systems Research 5 (17). doi:10.1186/s40068-016-0068-z.
   Google Scholar
• Overbosch, G., N. Nsowah-Nuamah, G. Van den Boom, and L. Damnyag. 2004. “Determinants of Antenatal Care use in Ghana.” Journal of African Economies 13 (2): 277–301. doi:10.1093/jae/ejh008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owusu, O., and E. Tsamenyi. 2017. “A Quantitative Assessment of the National Cocoa Disease and Pest Control (CODAPEC) Programme in Ghana.” Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 8 (14): 277–285.
   Google Scholar
• Oyekale, A. S. 2018. “Cocoa Farmers’ Compliance with Safety Precautions in Spraying Agrochemicals and use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Cameroon.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (2): 327. doi:10.3390/ijerph15020327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett, W., L. M. Hagel, A. G. Day, L. Day, X. Sun, R. J. Brison, B. L. Marlenga, et al. 2010. “Determinants of Agricultural Injury: A Novel Application of Population Health Theory.” Injury Prevention 16 (6): 376–382. doi:10.1136/ip.2010.026286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pordanjani, T. R., and A. M. Ebrahimi. 2015. “Safety Motivation and Work Pressure as Predictors of Occupational Accidents in the Petrochemical Industry.” Health Scope 4 (4). doi:10.17795/jhealthscope-26492.
   Google Scholar
• Schwab, J. A. 2002. “Multinomial Logistic Regression: Basic Relationships and Complete Problems.”
   Google Scholar
• Tijani, A. A. 2006. “Pesticide Use Practices and Safety Issues: The Case of Cocoa Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria.” Journal of Human Ecology 19 (3): 183–190. doi:10.1080/09709274.2006.11905876.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations University. 2022. “Livelihood Loss.” https://interconnectedrisks.org/impacts/loss-of-livelihoods.
   Google Scholar
• Vallmuur, K., and J. Limbong. 2013. “Issues to Consider When Estimating Injury Severity during Risk Assessment.” In International Conference on Product Safety 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Van den Broucke, S., and A. Colémont. 2011. “Behavioral and Nonbehavioral Risk Factors for Occupational Injuries and Health Problems among Belgian Farmers.” Journal of Agromedicine 16 (4): 299–310. doi:10.1080/1059924X.2011.605709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidyavati, S. D. S. A., A. Sneha, J. Kamarudin, and S. M. Katti. 2016. “Self-medication: Reasons, Risks and Benefits.” International Journal of Healthcare and Biomedical Research 4 (4): 21–24.
   Google Scholar
• Vigneri, M. 2007. “Drivers of Cocoa Production Growth in Ghana (ODI Project Briefing No. 4).” ODI Project Briefing 4: 5–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., and P. Jiang. 2020. “Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in Agricultural Product Safety Cogovernance and Self-Governance in Jiangsu, China: A Gender Perspective.” Journal of Food Protection 83 (5): 736–744. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windapo, A. O. 2013. “Relationship Between Degree of Risk, Cost and Level of Compliance to Occupational Health and Safety Regulations in Construction.” Construction Economics and Building 13 (2): 67–82. doi:10.5130/AJCEB.v13i2.3270.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2014. “Poverty and Health.” Accessed at https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/brief/poverty.
   Google Scholar