165
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The continued influence of implied and explicitly stated misinformation with different emotional valence

, , , &
Pages 322-333 | Received 16 Mar 2023, Accepted 25 Feb 2024, Published online: 03 Mar 2024

References

  • Alper, S., Bayrak, F., & Yilmaz, O. (2021). Psychological correlates of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and preventive measures: Evidence from Turkey. Current Psychology, 40, 5708–5717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00903-0
  • Baum, J., & Abdel Rahman, R. (2020). Emotional news affects social judgments independent of perceived media credibility. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa164
  • Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
  • Bek, J., Donohoe, B., & Brady, N. (2021). Feelings first? Affective and cognitive processes in emotion recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75(10), 1892–1903. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211064583
  • Brydges, C. R., Gignac, G. E., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2018). Working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, and the continued influence effect: A latent-variable analysis. Intelligence, 69, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2018.03.009
  • Chan, M.-p. S., Jones, C. R., Hall Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological Science, 28(11), 1531–1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617714579
  • Chen, S., Wang, L., & Yang, Y. F. (2014). Acquiring concepts and features of novel words by two types of learning: Direct mapping and inference. Neuropsychologia, 56(1), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.01.012
  • Cobb, M. D., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2013). Beliefs don't always persevere: How political figures are punished when positive information about them is discredited. Political Psychology, 34(3), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00935.x
  • Desai, S., & Reimers, S. (2018). Some misinformation is more easily countered: An experiment on the continued influence effect. Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Madison, Wisconsin, 2018, May. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325106381.
  • Ding, J. F., Chen, S., Wang, L., & Yang, Y. F. (2017). Thematic and taxonomic relations of novel words learned from action and perceptual features. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 41, 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.10.002
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Chadwick, M. (2020). Can corrections spread misinformation to new audiences? Testing for the elusive familiarity backfire effect. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-019-0201-4
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cheung, C. S. C., & Maybery, M. T. (2015). He did it! She did it! No, she did not! Multiple causal explanations and the continued influence of misinformation. Journal of Memory and Language, 85, 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2015.09.002
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Swire-Thompson, B., & Chang, D. (2011). Correcting false information in memory: Manipulating the strength of misinformation encoding and its retraction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 570–578. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-011-0065-1
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 38(8), 1087–1100. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.8.1087
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Fernandez-Lopez, M., & Perea, M. (2020). Language does not modulate fake news credibility, but emotion does. Psicológica Journal, 41(2), 84–102. https://doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2020-0005
  • Gordon, A., Brooks, J. C. W., Quadflieg, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017). Exploring the neural substrates of misinformation processing. Neuropsychologia, 106, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.003
  • Guillory, J. J., & Geraci, L. (2016). The persistence of erroneous information in memory: The effect of valence on the acceptance of corrected information. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(2), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3183
  • Jia, L., Shan, J., Xu, G., & Jin, H. (2020). Influence of individual differences in working memory on the continued influence effect of misinformation. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 32(5-6), 494–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2020.1800019
  • Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420–1436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1420
  • Kendeou, P., Walsh, E. K., Smith, E. R., & O'Brien, E. J. (2014). Knowledge revision processes in refutation texts. Discourse Processes, 51(5-6), 374–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2014.913961
  • Lau, R. R. (1985). Two explanations for negativity effects in political behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 29(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111215
  • Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018
  • Li, M. H., Chen, Z., & Rao, L. L. (2022). Emotion, analytic thinking and susceptibility to misinformation during the COVID-19 outbreak. Computers in Human Behavior, 133, 107295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107295
  • Liu, W. J., Ding, J. F., Li, L., & Yang, Y. F. (2019). Metaphorical meaning learning in contexts: An event-related potential study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 49, 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.08.004
  • Lyons, B., Merola, V., & Reifler, J. (2019). Not just asking questions: Effects of implicit and explicit conspiracy information about vaccines and genetic modification. Health Communication, 34, 1741–1750. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1530526
  • Marsh, E., & Fazio, L. (2006). Learning errors from fiction: Difficulties in reducing reliance on fictional stories. Memory & Cognition, 34(5), 1140–1149. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193260
  • Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3
  • Nahleen, S., Strange, D., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2021). Does emotional or repeated misinformation increase memory distortion for a trauma analogue event? Psychological Research, 85(6), 2453–2465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01409-x
  • Poland, G. A., & Spier, R. (2010). Fear, misinformation, and innumerates: How the wakefield paper, the press, and advocacy groups damaged the public health. Vaccine, 28(12), 2361–2362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.052
  • Rapp, D. N., & Kendeou, P. (2007). Revising what readers know: Updating text representations during narrative comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 35(8), 2019–2032. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192934
  • Rich, P., Donovan, A., & Rapp, D. (2022). Cause typicality and the continued influence effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 29(2), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000454
  • Rich, P. R., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2016). The continued influence of implied and explicitly stated misinformation in news reports. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(1), 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000155
  • Sanderson, J. A., Gignac, G. E., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2021). Working memory capacity, removal efficiency and event specific memory as predictors of misinformation reliance. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 518–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2021.1931243
  • Scherer, K. (2022). Theories in cognition & emotion–social functions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 36(3), 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2022.2072628
  • Swire, B., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(12), 1948–1961. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000422
  • Thorson, E. (2016). Belief echoes: The persistent effects of corrected misinformation. Political Communication, 33(3), 460–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187
  • Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383
  • van Huijstee, D., Vermeulen, I., Kerkhof, P., & Droog, E. (2022). Continued influence of misinformation in times of COVID-19. International Journal of Psychology, 57(1), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12805
  • Verschueren, N., Schaeken, W., & d'Ydewalle, G. (2005). A dual-process specification of causal conditional reasoning. Thinking & Reasoning, 11(3), 239–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546780442000178
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Walter, N., & Murphy, S. T. (2018). How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation. Communication Monographs, 85(3), 423–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1467564
  • Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2019). A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: How powerful is it, why does it happen, and how to stop it? Communication Research, 47(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600
  • Wilkes, A. L., & Leatherbarrow, M. (1988). Editing episodic memory following the identification of error. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 40(2), 361–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724988843000168
  • Wilson, T. D., & Brekke, N. (1993). Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 117–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.117

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.