Publication Cover
Restorative Justice
An International Journal
Volume 5, 2017 - Issue 2
820
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Myths of restorative features in the Japanese justice system and society: the role of apology, compensation and confession, and application of reintegrative shaming

ORCID Icon &

References

  • Adler, F. (1983). Nations not obsessed with crime. Littleton: Fred B. Rothman & Co.
  • Ahmed, E., Harris, N., Braithwaite, J. & Braithwaite, V. (eds.) (2001). Shame management through reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Aldous, C. & Leishman, F. (2000). Enigma variations: reassessing the kôban. Oxford: Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies, University of Oxford.
  • Ames, W. L. (1981). Police and community in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Asahi Shimbun. (2007, May 9). (mado・ronsetsuiinshitu kara) syogakko no totari ni karisyussyosya no shisetsu. Tokyo, Afternoon (in Japanese).
  • Asahi Shimbun. (2015, September 16). Kouseihogoshisetsu no itenhantai wo yobo: Fukushima, juminra syomei teisyutsu. Fukushima Morning, (in Japanese).
  • Barnes, B. E. (2013). An overview of restorative justice programs. Alaskla Journal of Dispute Resolution, 1, 101–120.
  • Bayley, D. H. (1976). Forces of order: police behavior in Japan and the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Bayley, D. H. (1991). Forces of order: policing modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Bazemore, G. & Walgrave, L. (1999). Restorative juvenile justice: in search of fundamentals and an outline for systemic reform. In G. Bazemore & L. Walgrave (eds.), Restorative juvenile justice: repairing the harm of youth crime (pp. 45–74). Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.
  • Becker, C. B. (1983). Social control of crime in Japan. The Police Journal, 56(3), 269–275.
  • Becker, C. B. (1988). Old and new: Japan’s mechanisms for crime control and social justice. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(4), 283–296. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2311.1988.tb00626.x
  • Beirne, P. (1983). Cultural relativism and comparative criminology. Contemporary Crises, 7(4), 371–391. doi: 10.1007/BF00728670
  • Blagg, H. (1998). Restorative visions and restorative justice practices: conferencing, ceremony and reconciliation in Australia. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 10(1), 5–14.
  • Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Braithwaite, J. (2002a). Restorative justice and responsive regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Braithwaite, J. (2002b). Setting standards for restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology, 42(3), 563–577. doi: 10.1093/bjc/42.3.563
  • Braithwaite, J. (2012). Cascades of violence and a global criminology of place. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 45(3), 299–315. doi: 10.1177/0004865812456857
  • Braithwaite, J. (2014). Crime in Asia: toward a better future. Asian Journal of Criminology, 9(1), 65–75. doi: 10.1007/s11417-013-9176-0
  • Braithwaite, J. & Mugford, S. (1994). Conditions of successful reintegration ceremonies: dealing with juvenile offenders. The British Journal of Criminology, 34(2), 139–171. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048400
  • Brook, E. & Warshwski-Brook, S. (2010). The healing nature of apology and its contribution toward emotional reparation and closure in restorative justice encounters. In S. G. Shoham, P. Knepper & M. Kett (eds.), International handbook of victimology (pp. 511–535). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Cain, M. (2000). Orientalism, occidentalism and the sociology of crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 40(2), 239–260. doi: 10.1093/bjc/40.2.239
  • Castberg, A. D. (1990). Japanese criminal justice. New York: Praeger Publishers.
  • Castberg, A. D. (1997). Prosecutorial independence in Japan. UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 16(1), 38–87.
  • Clack, M. (2003). Caught between hope and despiar: an analysis of the Japanese criminal justice system. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 31(4), 525–550.
  • Clifford, W. (1976). Crime control in Japan. Lexington: Lexington Books.
  • Condon, M. (2010). Bruise of a different color: the possibilities of restorative justice for minority victims of domestic violence. Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy, 22(2), 487–506.
  • Cunneen, C. (1997). Community conferencing and the fiction of indigenous control. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 30(3), 292–311. doi: 10.1177/000486589703000306
  • Daly, K. (2002). Restorative justice: the real story. Punishment & Society, 4(1), 55–79. doi: 10.1177/14624740222228464
  • Daly, K. (2016). What is restorative justice? Fresh answers to a vexed question. Victims & Offenders, 11(1), 9–29. doi: 10.1080/15564886.2015.1107797
  • Dammer, H. R., Fairchild, E. & Albanese, J. S. (2006). Comparative criminal justice systems (3 ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
  • Dignan, J. (1992). Repairing the damage – can reparation be made to work in the service of diversion. The British Journal of Criminology, 32(4), 453–472. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048251
  • Djolinko, D. (2003). Restorative justice and the justification of punishment. Utah Law Review, 2003(1), 319–342.
  • Fenwick, M. (2006). Japan: from child protection to penal populism. In J. Muncie & B. Goldson (eds.), Comparative youth justice: Critical issues (pp. 146–158). London: Sage Publications.
  • Fenwick, M. (2013). ‘Penal populism’ and penological change in contemporary Japan. Theoretical Criminology, 17(2), 215–231. doi: 10.1177/1362480613476785
  • Five, A., Keenaghan, C., Canaba, J., Moran, L. & Coen, L. (2013). Evaluation of the restorative practice programme of the childhood development initiative. Dublin, Ireland: Childhood Development Initiative.
  • Foljanty-Jost, G. & Metzler, M. (2003). Juvenile delinquency in Japan-reconsidering the ‘crisis’. In G. Foljanty-Jost (ed.), Juvenile delinquency in Japan: reconsidering the ‘crisis’ (pp. 1–18). Leiden: Brill.
  • Foote, D. H. (1992a). The benevolent paternalism of Japanese criminal justice. California Law Review, 80(2), 317–390. doi: 10.2307/3480769
  • Foote, D. H. (1992b). From Japan’s death row to freedom. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 1(1), 11–103.
  • Fujimoto, T. & Park, W.-K. (1994). Is Japan exceptional? Reconsidering Japanese crime rates. Social Justice, 21(2), 110–135.
  • Fukurai, H. & Kurosawa, K. (2010). The impact of the popular legal participation on forced confessions and wrongful convictions in Japan’s bureucratic courtroom: a cross-national analysis in the U.S. and Japan. US-China Law Review, 7(7), 1–18.
  • Goold, B. (2004). Idealizing the other? Western images of the Japanese criminal justice system. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23(2), 14–24. doi: 10.1080/0731129X.2004.9992169
  • Haley, J. O. (1982). Sheathing the sword of justice in Japan: an essay on law without sanctions. Journal of Japanese Studies, 8(2), 265–281. doi: 10.2307/132340
  • Haley, J. O. (1989). Confession, repentance and absolution. In M. Wright & B. Galaway (eds.), Mediation and criminal justice: victims, offenders and community (pp. 195–211). London: Sage Publications.
  • Haley, J. O. (1992). Victim-offender mediation: Japanese and American comparisons. In H. Messmer & H.-U. Otto (eds.), Restorative justice on trial: pitfalls and potentials of victim-offender mediation – international research perspectives (pp. 105–130). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Haley, J. O. (1995). Victim-offender mediation: lessons from the Japanese experience. Mediation Quarterly, 12(3), 233–248. doi: 10.1002/crq.3900120305
  • Haley, J. O. (1996). Crime prevention through restorative justice: lessons from Japan. In B. Galaway & J. Hudson (eds.), Restorative justice: international perspectives (pp. 349–372). Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.
  • Haley, J. O. (1998). The spirit of Japanese law. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Haley, J. O. (2011). Introduction—beyond retribution: an integrated approach to restorative justice. Journal of Law & Policy, 36(1), 1–16.
  • Haley, J. O. (2012). Japan: a society of rights? In D. K. Linnan (ed.), Legitimacy, legal development and change: law and modernization reconsidered (pp. 251–260). Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Hamai, K. & Ellis, T. (2006). Crime and criminal justice in modern Japan: from re-integrative shaming to popular punitivism. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 34(3), 157–178. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsl.2006.08.002
  • Hamai, K. & Ellis, T. (2008a). Genbatsuka: growing penal populism and the changing role of public prosecutors in Japan? Japanese Journal of Sociological Criminology, 33, 67–91.
  • Hamai, K. & Ellis, T. (2008b). Japanese criminal justice: was reintegrative shaming a chimera? Punishment & Society, 10(1), 25–46. doi: 10.1177/1462474507084196
  • Herber, E. (2014). Between ‘benevolent paternalism’ and genbatsuka: diversity in Japanese criminal justice. In D. Vanoverbeke, J. Maesschalck, D. Nelken & S. Parmentier (eds.), The changing role of law in Japan: empirical studies in culture, society and policy making (pp. 111–131). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Hirayama, M. (2007). ‘Keijisaiban heno higaisyasanka’ to ‘shufukutekisihou’ no kankei ha ikani. Hakuoh Hogaku, 14(1), 294–318 (in Japanese).
  • Hosoi, Y. & Nishimura, H. (1999). The role of apology in the Japanese criminal justice sytem. Paper presented at the restoration for victims of crime conference: Contemporary challenges, Melbourne, Australia. http://www.aic.gov.au/events/aic%20upcoming%20events/1999/rvc.html.
  • Huang, H.-f. & Chang, L. Y. C. (2013). Evaluating restorative justice programs in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Criminology, 8(4), 287–307. doi: 10.1007/s11417-013-9163-5
  • Ishizuka, S. (2014). Punishment and incarceration in Japan: a net-widening of crime control and a new priority system of prosecution. In M. Deflem (ed.), Punishment and incarceration: a global perspective sociology of crime, law and deviance (pp. 227–253). New York: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Ito, K. (2012). Wrongful convictions and recent criminal justice reform in Japan. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 80(4), 1245–1275.
  • Japanese Law Translation. (2010). Juvenile act. http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?vm=04&re=01&id=1978 (accessed 7 June 2016).
  • Japanese Ministry of Justice. (1999). White paper on crime – hanzaihigaisya to keijisiho. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Ministry of Justice (in Japanese).
  • Johnson, D. T. (2002). The Japanese way of justice: prosecuting crime in Japan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Johnson, D. T. (2006). The vanishing killer: Japan’s postwar homicide decline. Social Science Japan Journal, 9(1), 73–90. doi: 10.1093/ssjj/jyi044
  • Johnstone, G. (2013). The teachings of restorative justice. In T. Gavrielides & V. Artinopoulou (eds.), Reconstructing restorative justice philosophy (pp. 47–66). Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Karstedt, S. (2001). Comparing cultures, comparing crime: challenges, prospects and problems for a global criminology. Crime, Law and Social Change, 36(3), 285–308. doi: 10.1023/A:1012223323445
  • Katayama, T. (2003). Hanzaihigaisshien ha naniwo mezasunoka. Tokyo, Japan: Gendaijinbunsya (in Japanese).
  • Katayama, T. (2014). Hanzaihigaisha no tayona ‘koe’-towareru syakai to shiho no katachi. Sekai, 6, 122–129 (in Japanese).
  • Kawai, M. (2004). Anzenshinwa houkai no paradokkusu. Tokyo: Iwanami Publication (in Japanese).
  • Kawai, M. & Kozeki, K. (2011). Understanding low crime rate in modern Japan. Osaka: Japanese Association of Sociological Criminology.
  • Kikuchi, Y. (2014). Nihon no syonenhanzaisya nitaisuru syuhukutekisiho nikansuru kosatsu-syonentaiwakai to bengoshigata・npogata wo daizaini. Doshisyadaigaku seisakukagaku kenkyu, 16(1), 105–117 (in Japanese).
  • Kim, H. J. & Gerber, J. (2010). Evaluating the process of a restorative justice conference: an examination of factors that lead to reintegrative shaming. Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice, 8(2), 1–20.
  • Komiya, N. (1999). A cultural study of the low crime rate in Japan. British Journal of Criminology, 39(3), 369–390. doi: 10.1093/bjc/39.3.369
  • Konishi, T. (2013). Diversity witin an Asian country: Japanese criminal justice and criminology. In J. Liu, B. Hebenton & S. Jou (eds.), Handbook of Asian criminology (pp. 213–222). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Kuzuno, H. (2005). Juvenile diversion and the get-tough movement in Japan. Ryukoku Law Review, 22, 1–21.
  • Leavitt, G. C. (1990). Relativism and cross-cultural criminology: a critical analysis. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27(1), 5–29. doi: 10.1177/0022427890027001002
  • Leo, R. A. (2002). Miranda, confessions, and justice: lessons for Japan? In M. M. Feeley & S. Miyazawa (eds.), The Japanese adversary system in context: controversies and comparisons (pp. 200–219). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Leonardsen, D. (2004). Japan as a low-crime nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Leonardsen, D. (2010). Crime in Japan: paradise lost? Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Llewellyn, J. & Howse, R. (1998). Restorative justice: a conceptual framework. Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada.
  • Marshall, T. F. (1999). Restorative justice: an overview. London: Home Office. Research Development and Statistics Directorate.
  • Masters, G. (1997). Reintegrative shaming in theory and practice: thinking about feeling in criminology. PhD., University of Lancaster.
  • Matsui, S. (2011). Justice for the accused or justice for victims? The protection of victims’ rights in Japan. Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, 13(1), 54–95.
  • Medina, J. (2011). Doing criminology in the ‘semi-periphery’ and the ‘periphery’: in search of a post-colonial criminology. In C. J. Smith, S. X. Zhang & R. Barberet (eds.), Routledge handbook of international criminology (pp. 13–24). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Miyazawa, S. (1992). Policing in Japan: a study on making crime (translation by f.G. Bennett with J.O. Haley). Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Miyazawa, S. (1997). The enigma of Japan as a testing ground for cross-cultural criminological studies. In D. Nelken (ed.), Comparing legal cultures (pp. 195–214). Aldershot: Dartmouth.
  • Miyazawa, S. (2008). The politics of increasing punitiveness and the rising populism in Japanese criminal justice policy. Punishment & Society, 10(1), 47–77. doi: 10.1177/1462474507084197
  • Miyazawa, K., Taguchi, M. & Takahashi, N. (eds.). (1996). Hanzaihigaisya no kenkyu. Tokyo: Seibundo (in Japanese).
  • Moriyama, T. (2006). Japan: Iron fist in a velvet penal glove. In M. Cavadino & J. Dignan (eds.), Penal systems: a comparative approach (pp. 171–196). London: Sage Publications.
  • Moriyama, T. (2011). Analysing a low crime rate in Japan. In M. Kawai & K. Kozeki (eds.), Understanding low crime rate in modern Japan (pp. 7–17 (in Japanese), 90–96 (in English)). Osaka: Japanese Association of Sociological Criminology.
  • Morosawa, H. (1976). Higaisya no kenri to higaisyagaku-atarashii higaisyagaku no kokoromi-. Hogakukenku, 49(1), 205–225 (in Japanese).
  • Morosawa, H. (2012). Higaisyano hukken toshiteno higaisyaundo. Higaisyagakukenkyu, 22, 96–105 (in Japanese).
  • Moyle, P. & Tauri, J. (2016). Māori, family group conferencing and the mystifications of restorative justice. Victims & Offenders, 11(1), 87–106. doi: 10.1080/15564886.2015.1135496
  • Nelken, D. (1998). Social exclusion and criminal stigmatisation. Criminal Justice Matters, 34, 26–28.
  • Nelken, D. (2010). Comparative criminal justice: making sense of difference. London: Sage Publications.
  • Neumann, C. J. (1989). Arrest first, ask questions later: the Japanese police detention system. Dickinson Journal of International Law, 7(2), 253–275.
  • Pakes, F. (2012). Comprative criminal justice (2 ed.). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Parker, L. C. (1984). The Japanese police system today: an American perspective. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
  • Ramseyer, J. M. & Rasmusen, E. B. (2001). Why is the Japanese conviction rate so high? The Journal of Legal Studies, 30(1), 53–88. doi: 10.1086/468111
  • Richards, K. (2009). Rewriting and reclaiming history: an analysis of the emergence of restorative justice in Western criminal justice system. International Journal of Restorative Justice, 5(1), 104–128.
  • Richards, K. (2014). A promise and a possibility: the limitations of the traditional criminal justice system as an explanation for the emergence of restorative justice. Restorative Justice, 2(2), 124–141. doi: 10.5235/20504721.2.2.124
  • Ryan, T. (2005). Creating ‘problem kids’: juvenile crime in Japan and revisions to the juvenile act. AnJel Journal of Japanese Law, 19, 153–188.
  • Sakiyama, M., Lu, H. & Liang, B. (2011). Reintegrative shaming and juvenile delinquency in Japan. Asian Journal of Criminology, 6, 161–175. doi: 10.1007/s11417-011-9115-x
  • Schneider, H. J. (1992). Crime and its control in Japan and in the federal republic of Germany. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 36(4), 307–321. doi: 10.1177/0306624X9203600405
  • Schwarzenegger, C. (2003). The debate about the reform of the juvenile law in Japan. In G. Foljanty-Jost (ed.), Juvenile delinquency in Japan: reconsidering the ‘crisis’ (pp. 173–198). Leiden: Brill.
  • Sheptycki, J. (2008). Transnationalisation, orientalism and crime. Asian Journal of Criminology, 3(1), 13–35. doi: 10.1007/s11417-008-9049-0
  • Stovel, L. & Valiñas, M. (2010). Restorative justive after mass violence: opportunities and risks for children and youth. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
  • Strang, H. (2002). Repair or revenge: victims and restorative justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Suess, D. A. (1996). Paternalism versus pugnacity: the right to counsel in Japan and the United States. Indiana Law Journal, 72(1), 291–333.
  • Suzuki, M. (2017). Shuhukutekishonenshiho no hihantekibunseki-osutoraria wo jirei toshite- (critical analysis of restorative juvenile justice: Case study on Australia). Keisei, 54(2), 76–90 (in Japanese).
  • Sylvester, D. J. (2003). Myth in restorative justice history. Utah Law Review, 2003(1), 471–522.
  • Takahashi, Y. (2005). Toward a balancing approach: the use of apology in Japanese society. International Review of Victimology, 12(1), 23–45. doi: 10.1177/026975800501200102
  • Takahashi, N. (2010). ‘Syonen taiwa no kai’ no igi to genkai-syuhukutekisiho no kanosei-. Wasedadaigaku Syakaianzenkenkyusyo Kiyo, 2, 33–47 (in Japanese).
  • Takeuchi, K. (2015). Syonenho kougi. Tokyo: Nihon hyoronsya (in Japanese).
  • Tauri, J. M. (2005). Family group conferencing: the myth of indigenous empowerment in New Zealand. In W. D. McCaslin (ed.), Justice as healing: indigenous ways (pp. 313–323). St. Paul: Living Justice Press.
  • Wachi, T., Watanabe, K., Yokota, K., Otsuka, Y. & Lamb, M. E. (2016). Japanese interrogation techniques from prisoners’ perspectives. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(5), 617–634. doi: 10.1177/0093854815608667
  • Wagatsuma, H. & Rosett, A. (1986). The implications of apology: law and culture in Japan and the United States. Law & Society Review, 20(4), 461–498. doi: 10.2307/3053463
  • Westermann, T. D. & Burfeind, J. W. (1991). Crime and justice in two societies: Japan and the United States. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
  • Wood, W. R. & Suzuki, M. (2016). Four challenges in the future of restorative justice. Victims & Offenders, 11(1), 149–172. doi: 10.1080/15564886.2016.1145610
  • Yamada, Y. (2016). Kono bengoshi ni kiku 17 yamada yukiko. Kikan Keijibengo, 86, 4–7.
  • Yokoyama, M. (2013). Development of criminology in Japan from a sociological perspective. In J. Liu, B. Hebenton & S. Jou (eds.), Handbook of Asian criminology (pp. 223–230). New York: Springer.
  • Yoshida, T. (2003a). Confession, apology, repentance and settlement out-of-court in the Japanese criminal justice system – is Japan a model of ‘restorative justice’? In E. G. M. Weitekamp & H.-J. Kerner (eds.), Restorative justice in context: international practice and directions (pp. 173–196). Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
  • Yoshida, T. (2003b). The future of the Japanese criminal justice system. In L. Walgrave (ed.), Repositioning restorative justice (pp. 328–338). Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.