References
- Jah V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet 2013;382(9888): 260–272.
- Otero A, de Francisco ALM, Gayoso P, et al. Prevalence of chronic renal disease in Spain: results of the EPIRCE study. Nefrologia 2010;30(1): 78–86.
- Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al. National kidney foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(2): 137–149.10.7326/0003-4819-139-2-200307150-00013
- Stanifer JW, Jing B, Tolan S, et al. The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2014;2(3): e174–e181.
- Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease. [cited 2015 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.cuentadealtocosto.org/byblos/Docs/ESCOCIA_SIGN_ERC_2008.pdf.
- Warnock DG, Mcclellan W, Mcclure LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and anemia among participants in the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) cohort study: baseline results. Kidney Int. 2005;68(4): 1427–1431.10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00553.x
- Moosa MR, Van der Walt I, Naicker S, et al. Important causes of chronic kidney disease in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015;105(4): 320–327.10.7196/samj.9535
- Australian Kidney Foundation. Chronic kidney disease in Australia. [cited 2015 Aug 08]. Available from: http://www.kidney.org.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=WfW5Z6H5Rt4%3D&tabid=846&mid=1962.
- Afolabi MO, Abioye-Kuteyi EA, Arogundade FA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in a Nigerian family practice population. SA Fam Pract. 2009;51(2): 132–137.
- United States Renal Data System (USRDS). Chronic kidney disease in the adult NHANES population. 2009 ASRDS annual report data. [cited 2015 Jul 22]. Available from: http://www.usrds.org/2009/pdf/V1_01_09.PDF.
- Australian Kidney Foundation. Chronic kidney disease management in general practice. [cited 2015 May 06]. Available from: http://www.kidney.org.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IRhUd3KX6GI%3d&tabid=789&mid=2028.
- Silbiger S, Neugarten J. Gender and human chronic renal disease. Gen Med. 2008;5:s3–s10.10.1016/j.genm.2008.03.002
- Council for Medical Schemes, South Africa. Chronic disease list. [cited 2015 Jul 28]. Available from: https://www.medicalschemes.com/medical_schemes_pmb/chronic_disease_list.htm.
- Council for Medical Schemes, South Africa. Prescribed minimum benefits (PMB’s) aim to provide you with continuous care. [cited 2015 Aug 08]. Available from: http://www.medicalschemes.com/ReadNews.aspx?2.
- Council for Medical Schemes, South Africa. Medical schemes Act, 131 of 1998. [cited 2015 Aug 08]. Available from: https://www.medicalschemes.com/Content.aspx?130.
- Sumaili EK, Cohen EP, Zinga CV, et al. High prevalence of undiagnosed chronic kidney disease among at-risk population in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Biomed Central Nephrol. 2009;10(1): 18–29.
- Council for Medical Schemes, South Africa. Medical schemes beneficiaries. [cited 2015 Aug 08]. Available from: http://indicators.hst.org.za/healthstats/159/data.
- WHO (World Health Organization). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision. [cited 2015 Aug 08]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/VI.
- Council for Medical Schemes, South Africa. Guidelines for the identification of beneficiaries with risk factors in accordance with the entry and verification criteria. [cited 2015 Aug 08]. Available from: http://www.mediscor.net/docs/REF%20Criteria%20Ver%206%20-%201%20Jan%202012.pdf.
- United States Renal Data System (USRDS). 2007 annual data report. [cited 2015 Jul 22]. Available from: http://www.usrds.org/atlas07.aspx.
- Arora P, Vasa P, Brenner P, et al. Prevalence estimates of chronic kidney disease in Canada. CMAJ. 2011;185(9): e417–e423.
- Kearns B, Gallagher H, de Lusignan S. Predicting the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the English population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14: 49–58.10.1186/1471-2369-14-49
- Graves JW. Diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(9): 1064–1069.10.4065/83.9.1064
- Arora, P. Chronic Kidney Disease Differential Diagnoses. [cited 2015 May 06]. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-differential.
- Shisana O, Labadarios D, Rehle T, et al. National health and nutrition examination survey (SANHANES-1). [cited 2015 Aug 07]. Available from: http://www.hsrc.ac.za/uploads/pageNews/72/SANHANES-launch%20edition%20%28online%20version%29.pdf.
- Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KMF. Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States. [cited 2015 Aug 07]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db131.pdf.
- Kramer H. Obesity and chronic kidney disease. [cited 2015 Aug 07]. Available from. https://www.karger.com/ProdukteDB/Katalogteile/isbn3_8055/_81/_64/CN151_02.pdf.
- Coggins CH, Lewis JB, Caggiula AW, et al. Differences between women and men with chronic renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13: 1430–1437.10.1093/ndt/13.6.1430
- Gluhovschi GH, Gluhovschi A, Anastasiu D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the involvement of estrogen hormones in its pathogenesis and progression. Rom J Intern Med. 2012;50(2): 135–144.
- Iseki K. Gender differences in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008;74(4): 415–417.10.1038/ki.2008.261
- Stack AG, Casserly LF, Cronin Cornelius J, et al. Prevalence and variation of chronic kidney disease in the irish health system: initial findings from the national kidney disease surveillance programme. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15: 185–197.10.1186/1471-2369-15-185
- Tomson C, Bailey P. Management of chronic kidney disease. Medicine. 2011;39(7): 407–413.10.1016/j.mpmed.2011.04.006
- Matsha TE, Yako YY, Rensburg MA, et al. Chronic kidney diseases in mixed ancestry South African populations: prevalence, determinants and concordance between kidney function estimators. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14(1): 1471–2369.
- Zhang Q, Koenig W, Raum E, et al. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: results from a population of older adults in Germany. Prev Med. 2009;48: 122–127.10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.10.026
- Wedekin M, Ehrich JHH, Offner G, et al. Aetiology and outcome of acute and chronic renal failure in infants. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23: 1575–1580.10.1093/ndt/gfm863
- Dowshen S. Kidney diseases in childhood. [cited 2015 Sep 03]. Available from: http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/kidney/kidney_diseases_childhood.html#a_Symptoms_of_Kidney_Problems.
- Sgambat K. Peadiatric nutrition and kidney disease. [cited 2015 Sep 03]. Available from: http://www.esrdnet5.org/Files/Education/Meetings—Presentations/Nutrition_Sgambat.aspx.
- Dasari P, Venkateshwarlu K, Venisetty RK. Management of comorbidities in chronic kidney disease: a prospective observational study. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;6(2): 363–367.
- Stevens PE, O’Donoghue DJ, de Lusignan S, et al. Chronic kidney disease management in the United Kingdom: NEOERICA project results. Kidney Int. 2007;72(1): 92–99.10.1038/sj.ki.5002273
- Australia. Department of Health and Welfare. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. [cited 2015 Aug 16]. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129549614.
- United States Renal Data System (USRDS). 2008 Annual data report. [cited 2015 Aug 16]. Available from: http://www.usrds.org/2008/pdf/V1_01_2008.pdf.
- Thomas R, Kanso A, Sedor JR. Chronic kidney disease and its complications. Prim Care. 2008;35(2): 329–344.10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.008
- Trevisan R, Dodesini AR, Lepore G. Lipids and renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17: s145–s147.10.1681/ASN.2005121320
- Morgado E, Neves PL. Hypertension and chronic kidney disease: cause and consequence-therapeutic considerations. [cited 2015 Aug 27]. Available from: http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/34159.pdf.
- Mennuni S, Rubattu S, Pierelli G, et al. Hypertension and kidneys: unraveling complex molecular mechanisms underlying hypertensive renal damage. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28: 74–79.10.1038/jhh.2013.55
- Bidani AK, Griffin KA. Pathophysiology of hypertensive renal damage. [cited 2015 Aug 27]. Available from: http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/44/5/595.full.
- Bidani AK, Polichnowski AJ, Loutzenhiser R, et al. Renal microvascular dysfunction, hypertension and CKD progression. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22(1): 1–9.10.1097/MNH.0b013e32835b36c1
- Bailey CJ, Day C. Diabetes therapies in renal impairment. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2012;12(4): 167–171.10.1177/1474651412458811
- WHO (World health Organization). Diabetes. [cited 2015 Aug 27]. Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/diabetes_mellitus/en/.
- Robertson LM, Waugh N, Robertson A. Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease. [cited 2015 Aug 27]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002181.pub2/epdf.
- National Kidney Foundation. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease. [cited 2015 Aug 27]. Available from: http://ethnomed.org/patient-education/diabetes/blind-audio-files/Diabetes%20and%20Kidney%20Disease.pdf.
- American Heart Association. Kidney disease & diabetes. [cited 2015 Aug 27]. Available from: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Diabetes/WhyDiabetesMatters/Kidney-Disease-Diabetes_UCM_313867_Article.jsp.
- Keche AS, Tripude BH, Bobade HJ. Correlation of risk factors with coronary atherosclerosis. J Indian Acad Forensic med. 2012;34(2): 114–116.