417
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Outcome Measure Reviews

Psychometric Meta-Analysis of the Short Grit Scale Reliability Across Demographic Groups and Academic Settings

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 122-135 | Received 14 Sep 2021, Accepted 28 Mar 2022, Published online: 19 May 2022

References

* Indicates study that was included within analyses.

  • *Akos, P., & Kretchmar, J. (2017). Investigating grit at a non-cognitive predictor for college success. The Review of Higher Education, 40(2), 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2017.0000
  • *Almeda, M. A. Q. (2018). When practice does not make perfect: Differentiating between productive and unproductive persistence (Publication No. https://doi.org/10.7916/D83R291G)[Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University]. Columbia Academic Commons.
  • *Anestis, M. D., & Selby, E. A. (2015). Grit and perseverance in suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self-injury. Death Studies, 39(1–5), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2014.946629
  • *Arya, B., & Lal, D. S. (2018). Grit and sense of coherence as predictors of well-being. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(01), 169–172. https://doi.org/10.15614/ijpp.v9i01.11766
  • *Banse, H., & Palacios, N. (2018). Supportive classrooms for Latino English language learners: Grit, ELL status, and the classroom context. The Journal of Educational Research, 111(6), 645–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2017.1389682
  • *Barrington, M. M. (2017). Assessing the link between grit and academic achievement in reading, mathematics, and writing among 4th graders: An explanatory sequential mixed methods inquiry (Publication No. 2101386737) [Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M - Corpus Christi University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • *Bowen, R. P. (2018). The relationship between grit and remedial math success for black males (Publication No. 10842544) [Doctoral dissertation, Grand Canyon University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Bremer, E., Graham, J. D., Veldhuizen, S., & Cairney, J. (2018). A program evaluation of an in-school daily physical activity initiative for children and youth. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5943-2
  • Cavazos Vela, J., Lenz, A. S., Sparrow, G. S., Gonzalez, S. L., & Hinojosa, K. (2015). Humanistic and positive psychology factors as predictors of Mexican American adolescents’ vocational outcome expectations. Journal of Professional Counseling: Theory, Practice, and Research, 42(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2015.12033941
  • Cavazos Vela, J., Lerma, E., Lenz, A. S., Hinojosa, K., Duque, O., & Gonzalez, S. L. (2014). Positive psychology and familial factors as predictors of Latina/o students’ hope and college performance. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 36(4), 452–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986314550790
  • *Cavazos Vela, J., Smith, W. D., Whittenberg, J. F., Guardiola, R., & Savage, M. (2018). Positive psychology factors as preditors of Latina/o college students’ psychological grit. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 46(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12089
  • Celik, I., & Saricam, H. (2018). The relationships between academic locus of control, positive thinking skills and grit in high school students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6, 392–398. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060305
  • *Chen Chen, S. Y., Ye, S., & Hangen, E. (2018). Predicting achievement goals in the east and west: The role of grit among American and Chinese university students. Educational Psychology, 38(6), 820–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1458975
  • *Christy, K. R., & Jensen, D. J. (2019). Examining the relationship between the big five, grit and avoidance of automated communication scales in adults 40-65. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(4), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1533996
  • *Clark, R. (2016). Grit within the context of career success: A mixed methods study (Publication No. 1828354205) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • *Cosgrove, J. M., Chen, Y. T., & Castelli, D. M. (2018). Physical fitness, grit, school attendance, and academic performance among adolescents. BioMed Research International, 2018, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9801258
  • Crede, M., Tynan, M. D., & Harms, P. D. (2017). Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(3), 492–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000102
  • *Culin, K. R. V., Tsukayama, E., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). Unpacking grit: Motivational correlates of perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(4), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.898320
  • *Datu, J. A. D., & Fong, R. W. (2018). Examining the association of grit with test emotional among Hong Kong Chinese primary school students. School Psychology International, 39(5), 510–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318793468
  • *Datu, J. A. D., Valdez, J. P. M., & King, R. B. (2016). Perseverance counts but consistency does not! Validating the short grit scale in a collectivist culture. Current Psychology, 35(1), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9374-2
  • Datu, J. A. D., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2017a). Grit and determination: A review of literature with implication for theory and research. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 27(2), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2016.2
  • Datu, J. A. D., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2017). Development and validation of the triarchic model of grit scale (TMGS): Evidence from Filipino undergraduate students. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.012
  • Datu, J. A. D., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2018). Exploring determination for long-term goals in collectivist context: A qualitative study. Current Psychology, 37(1), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9509-0
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
  • *Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the short grit scale (Grit-S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802634290
  • *Dunn, K. M. (2018). Investigating parenting style and college student grit at a private mid-sized new England university (Publication No. 10750334) [Doctoral dissertation, Johnson & Wales University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x
  • *Elliot, P. J. (2018). Examining the correlation between psychological grit and athletic performance among NCAA men’s basketball student-athletes (Publication No. 10822261) [Doctoral dissertation, Grand Canyon University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Eskreis-Winkler, L., Shulman, E. P., Beal, S. A., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage. Frontiers in Psychology, 5 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036
  • *Flanagan, K. M., & Einarson, J. (2017). Gender, math confidence, and grit: Relationships with quantitative skills and performance in an undergraduate biology course. CBE – Life Sciences Education, 16, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-08-0253
  • *Gilchrist, J. D., Fong, A. J., Herbison, J. D., & Sabiston, C. M. (2018). Feelings of pride are associated with grit in student-athletes and recreational. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.12.009
  • *Griffin, M. L., McDermott, K. A., McHugh, R. K., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Weiss, R. D. (2016). Grit in patients with substance use disorders. The American Journal on Addictions, 25(8), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12460
  • *Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2019). Grit and self-discipline as predictors of effort and academic attainment. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 324–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12241
  • Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. The British Medical Journal, 327, 557. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
  • *Hill, K. R. (2016). The role of study strategy use, meaning in life, and grit on the academic success of university students (Publication No. 10243615) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Mississippi]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Hill, P. L., Burrow, A. L., & Bronk, K. C. (2016). Persevering with positivity and purpose: An examination of purpose commitment and positive affect as predictors of grit. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9593-5
  • Hochanadel, A., & Finamore, D. (2015). Fixed and growth mindset in education and how grit helps students persist in the face of adversity. Journal of International Education Research (JIER), 11(1), 47–50. https://doi.org/10.19030/jier.v11i1.9099
  • *Hodge, B., Wright, B., & Bennett, P. (2018). The role of grit in determining engagement and academic outcomes for university students. Research in Higher Education, 59(4), 448–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-017-9474-y
  • *Incantalupo-Kuhner, J. (2015). Teacher dispositions and perceived environment: The relationship among grit, resiliency, and perceptions of school climate (Publication No. 3724688) [Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Jachimowicz, J. M., Wihler, A., Bailey, E. R., & Galinsky, A. D. (2018). Why grit requires perseverance and passion to positively predict performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(40), 9980–9985. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803561115
  • Keegan, K. (2017). Identifying and building grit in language learners. English Teaching Forum, 55(3), 2–9. https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/etf_55_3_pg02-09_1.pdf
  • *Khan, N. (2018). The impact of mindset and grit on academic success in math and science (Publication No. 10829586) [Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Larkin, P., O’Connor, D., & Williams, A. M. (2016). Does grit influence sport-specific engagement and perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite youth soccer? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2015.1085922
  • *Lee, W. W. S. (2017). Relationships among grit, academic performance, perceived academic failure, and stress in associate degree students. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 148–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.08.006
  • *Lenz, A. S., Watson, J. C., Luo, Y., Norris, C., & Nkyi, A. (2018). Cross-cultural validation of four positive psychology assessments for use with a Ghanaian population. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40(2), 148–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-017-9317-8
  • *Li, J., Lin, L., Zhao, Y., Chen, J., & Wang, S. (2018). Grittier Chinese adolescents are happier: The mediating role of mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.007
  • *Lin, C., & Chang, C. (2017). Personality and family context in explaining grit of Taiwanese high school students. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 13(6), 2197–2213. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.01221a
  • *Machell, K. A. (2016). Well-being in middle to late adolescence: The role of grit and life events (Publication No. 1818564186) [Doctoral dissertation, George Mason University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Meriac, J. P., Slifka, J. S., & LaBat, L. R. (2015). Work ethic and grit: An examination of empirical redundancy. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.009
  • *Meyer, B. B., Markgraf, K. M., & Gnacinski, S. L. (2017). Examining the merit of grit in women’s soccer: Questions of theory, measurement, and application. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(3), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1255277
  • *Miksza, P., & Tan, L. (2015). Predicting collegiate wind players’ practice efficiency, flow, and self-efficacy for self-regulation: An exploratory study of relationships between teachers’ instruction and students’ practicing. Journal of Research in Music Education, 63(2), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429415583474
  • *Moles, T. A., Auerbach, A. D., & Petrie, T. (2017). Grit happens: Moderating effects on motivational feedback and sport performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(4), 418–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1306729
  • Muenks, K., Wigfield, A., Yang, J. S., & O’Neal, C. R. (2017). How true is grit? Assessing its relations to high school and college students’ personality characteristics, self-regulation, engagement, and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(5), 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000153
  • *Mulcahy-Dunn, A., King, S. J., Nordstrum, L. E., Newton, E. O., & Batchelder, K. (2018). The relationship between grit, self-control, and early grade reading: A trial measuring soft skills in rural Tanzania. Educational Psychology, 38(8), 997–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1475628
  • *Mullen, P. R., & Crowe, A. (2018). A psychometric investigation of the short grit scale with a sample of school counselors. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(3), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2018.1435194
  • *Musumari, P. M., Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., Ono-Kihara, M., & Kihara, M. (2018). Grit is associated with lower level of depression and anxiety among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand: A cross-sectional study. Plos One, 13(12), e0209121–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209121
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.
  • *O’Neal, C. (2018). The impact of stress on later literacy achievement via grit and engagement among dual language elementary school students. School Psychology International, 39(2), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034317752519
  • *O’Neal, C. R., Espino, M. M., Goldthrite, A., Morin, M. F., Weston, L., Hernandez, P., & Fuhrmann, A. (2016). Grit under duress: Stress, strengths, and academic success among non-citizen and citizen Latina/o first-generation college students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 38(4), 446–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986316660775
  • *Oriol, X., Miranda, R., Oyanedel, J. C., & Torres, J. (2017). The role of self-control and grit in domains of school success in students of primary and secondary school. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1716. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01716
  • *Pate, A. N., Payakachat, N., Harrell, T. K., Pate, K. A., Caldwell, D. J., & Franks, A. M. (2017). Measurement of grit and correlation to student pharmacist academic performance. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 81(6), 105–108. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe816105
  • *Pena, P. A., & Duckworth, A. L. (2018). The effects of relative and absolute age in the measurement of grit from 9th to 12th grade. Economics of Education Review, 66, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.08.009
  • *Reed, J. (2014). A survey of grit and exercise behavior. Journal of Sport Behavior, 37(4), 390–406.
  • *Reed, J., Pritschet, B. L., & Cutton, D. M. (2013). Grit, conscientiousness, and the transtheoretical model of change for exercise behavior. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(5), 612–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312451866
  • *Rimfeld, K., Kovas, Y., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2016). True grit and genetics: Predicting academic achievement from personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(5), 780–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000089
  • *Robinson, W. L. (2015). Grit and demographic characteristics associated with nursing student course engagement (Publication No. 1708647383) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Rogalski, K. A. (2018). Grit as a predictor of success and persistence for community college students (Publication No. 107511960) [Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Shields, D. L., Funk, C. D., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2018). Can contesting orientations predict grittier, more self-controlled athletes? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(5), 440–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1350738
  • *Silvia, P. J., Eddington, K. M., Beaty, R. E., Nusbaum, E. C., Thomas, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013). Gritty people try harder: Grit and effort-related cardiac autonomic activity during an active coping challenge. International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 88(2), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.007
  • *Stayhorn, T. L. (2014). What role does grit play in the academic success of black male collegians at predominantly white institutions? Journal African American Studies, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-012-9243-0
  • *Tan, L., & Miksza, P. (2018). A cross-cultural examination of university students’ motivation toward band and academics in Singapore and the united states. Journal of Research in Music Education, 65(4), 416–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429417735095
  • Vacha-Haase, T., & Thompson, B. (2011). Score reliability: A retrospective look back at 12 years of reliability generalization studies. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 44(3), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611409845
  • *Vela, J. C., Lu, M.-T P., Lenz, A. S., & Hinojosa, K. (2015). Positive psychology and familial factors as predictors of Latina/o students’ psychological grit. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 37(3), 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986315588917
  • Vela, J. C., Lu, M.-T P., Lenz, A. S., Savage, M. C., & Guardiola, R. (2016). Positive psychology and Mexican American college students’ subjective well-being and depression. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 38(3), 324–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986316651618
  • *Verdesco, A. L. (2016). Educational expectations, social normative expectations, and grit in an urban middle school (Publication No. 1847935394) [Doctoral dissertation, The State University of New Jersey]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Wang, S., Zhou, M., Chen, T., Yang, X., Chen, G., Wang, M., & Gong, Q. (2017). Grit and the brain: Spontaneous activity of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex mediates the relationship between the trait grit and academic performance. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(3), 452–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw145
  • *Weisskirch, R. S. (2018). Grit, self-esteem, learning strategies and attitudes and estimated and achieved course grades among college students. Current Psychology, 37(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9485-4
  • *Weld, M. J. (2016). Grit, mindset, and intrinsic motivation of secondary school educators and factors that contribute to a desire to impact students (Publication No. 10132971) [Doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *West, M. R., Kraft, M. A., Finn, A. S., Martin, R. E., Duckworth, A. L., Gabrieli, C. F. O., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2016). Promise and paradox: Measuring students’ non-cognitive skills and the impact of schooling. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 38(1), 148–170. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373715597298
  • *Williams, L. N. (2017). Grit and academic performance of first- and second-year students majoring in education (Publication No. 2034277560) [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • *Wolters, C. A., & Hussain, M. (2015). Investigating grit and its relations with college students’ self-regulated learning and academic achievement. Metacognition and Learning, 10(3), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-014-9128-9
  • *Wong, A. E. (2016). Daily feedback of self-concept clarity and grit (Publication No. 10300365) [Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.