Finding consonance: an integrative neurocognitive model of human relationships with supernatural agents

References

• Aday, J. S., Mitzkovitz, C. M., Bloesch, E. K., Davoli, C. C., & Davis, A. K. (2020). Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 113, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amodio, D. M., Jost, J. T., Master, S. L., & Yee, C. M. (2007). Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism. Nature Neuroscience, 10(10), 1246–1247. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asp, E., Ramchandran, K., & Tranel, D. (2012). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, and the human prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychology, 26(4), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, Q. D., & Whitehouse, H. (2011). The cultural morphospace of ritual form. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(1), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atran, S. (2016). The devoted actor. Current Anthropology, 57(S13), S192–S203. https://doi.org/10.1086/685495
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, J. L. (1999). Theological correctness: Cognitive constraint and the study of religion. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 11(4), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006899X00078
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, J. L. (2000). Exploring the natural foundations of religion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01419-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, J. L., & Keil, F. C. (1996). Conceptualizing a nonnatural entity: Anthropomorphism in God concepts. Cognitive Psychology, 31(3), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1996.0017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F. (2017). How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, V., Reddy, V., Halligan, P., Kirov, G., & Ellis, H. (2007). Relative suppression of magical thinking: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Cortex, 43(4), 551–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70249-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bering, J. M. (2006). The folk psychology of souls. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29(5), 453–462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X06009101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlucchi, G., & Aglioti, S. M. (2010). The body in the brain revisited. Experimental Brain Research, 200(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-1970-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berns, G. S., Bell, E., Capra, C. M., Prietula, M. J., Moore, S., Anderson, B., Ginges, J., & Atran, S. (2012). The price of your soul: Neural evidence for the non-utilitarian representation of sacred values. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1589), 754–762. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, N., & Miller, B. (2019). Religion and frontotemporal dementia. In A. Coles, & J. Collicutt (Eds.), The neurology of religion (pp. 161–170). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Botvinick, M. M. (2007). Conflict monitoring and decision making: Reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(4), 356–366. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.7.4.356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1983). Attachment: Attachment and loss (2nd ed., Vol. 1). Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brouwer, A., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Pivotal mental states. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 319–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120959637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulbulia, J., Geertz, A. W., Atkinson, Q. D., Cohen, E., Evans, N., Francois, P., Gintis, H., Gray, R. D., Henrich, J., & Jordon, F. M. (2013). The cultural evolution of religion. In P. J. Richerson & M. H. Christiansen (Eds.), Cultural Evolution (pp. 381–404). MIT Press
   Google Scholar
• Bulbulia, J., & Sosis, R. (2011). Signalling theory and the evolution of religious cooperation. Religion, 41(3), 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2011.604508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, K. (2016). Big dreams: The science of dreaming and the origins of religion. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, P. M., McNamara, P., & Durso, R. (2010). Deficits in the automatic activation of religious concepts in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(2), 252–261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709991202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, P. M., McNamara, P., & Durso, R. (2011). Side of onset in Parkinson’s disease and alterations in religiosity: Novel behavioral phenotypes. Behavioural Neurology, 24(2), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, P. M., McNamara, P., Ghofrani, J., & Durso, R. (2011). Disease-associated differences in religious cognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(8), 917–928. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.575768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese, J. (1997). Spiritual healing and human development in the native American church: Toward a cultural psychiatry of peyote. Psychoanalytic Review, 84(2), 237–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). The entropic brain - revisited. Neuropharmacology, 142, 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T., Stone, J. M., Reed, L. J., Colasanti, A., Tyacke, R. J., Leech, R., Malizia, A. L., & Murphy, K. (2012). Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(6), 2138–2143. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Chialvo, D. R., & Nutt, D. (2014). The entropic brain: A theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., Tagliazucchi, E., Schenberg, E. E., Nest, T., & Orban, C. (2016). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(17), 4853–4858. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518377113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchland, P. S. (2018). Braintrust: What neuroscience tells us about morality. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crescentini, C., Aglioti, S. M., Fabbro, F., & Urgesi, C. (2014). Virtual lesions of the inferior parietal cortex induce fast changes of implicit religiousness/spirituality. Cortex, 54, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crescentini, C., Di Bucchianico, M., Fabbro, F., & Urgesi, C. (2015). Excitatory stimulation of the right inferior parietal cortex lessens implicit religiousness/spirituality. Neuropsychologia, 70, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespi, B. J. (2016). Oxytocin, testosterone, and human social cognition. Biological Reviews, 91(2), 390–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristofori, I., Bulbulia, J., Shaver, J. H., Wilson, M., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J. (2016). Neural correlates of mystical experience. Neuropsychologia, 80, 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2017). Interoception and emotion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 351(1346), 1413–1420. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. K., Clifton, J. M., Weaver, E. G., Hurwitz, E. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2020). Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(9), 1008–1020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120916143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, E. B., Granqvist, P., & Sharp, C. (2018). Theistic relational spirituality: Development, dynamics, health, and transformation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (pp. 401–415). https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000219
   Google Scholar
• Davis, E. B., Moriarty, G. L., & Mauch, J. C. (2013). God images and god concepts: Definitions, development, and dynamics. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cruz, H. (2013). Religious concepts as structured imagination. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.735495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety, J., & Lamm, C. (2007). The role of the right temporoparietal junction in social interaction: How low-level computational processes contribute to meta-cognition. The Neuroscientist, 13(6), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858407304654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolgoff-Kaspar, R., Ettinger, A. B., Golub, S. A., Perrine, K., Harden, C., & Croll, S. D. (2011). Numinous-like auras and spirituality in persons with partial seizures. Epilepsia, 52(3), 640–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02957.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., Ribeiro, R. P., & Santos, J. E. D. (2009). Cultural consonance, a 5HT2A receptor polymorphism, and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study of gene × culture interaction in urban Brazil. American Journal of Human Biology, 21(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ein-Dor, T. (2014). Facing danger: How do people behave in times of need? The case of adult attachment styles. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1452. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epley, N., Converse, B. A., Delbosc, A., Monteleone, G. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009). Believers’ estimates of God’s beliefs are more egocentric than estimates of other people’s beliefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(51), 21533–21538. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908374106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, C., Yan, X., Huang, W., Han, S., & Ma, Y. (2018). Neural representations of the multidimensional self in the cortical midline structures. NeuroImage, 183, 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. A., Nielsen, J. A., King, J. B., Dai, L., Giangrasso, D. M., Holman, R., Korenberg, J. R., & Anderson, J. S. (2018). Reward, salience, and attentional networks are activated by religious experience in devout Mormons. Social Neuroscience, 13(1), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2016.1257437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friston, K., & Kiebel, S. (2009). Predictive coding under the free-energy principle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1521), 1211–1221. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, W. M., Willard, A. K., Norenzayan, A., & Henrich, J. (2011). The cultural transmission of faith why innate intuitions are necessary, but insufficient, to explain religious belief. Religion, 41(3), 389–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2011.604510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind, M., & Picard, F. (2016). Ecstatic epileptic seizures: A glimpse into the multiple roles of the insula. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind, N. (1979). Behavioural changes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Psychological Medicine, 9(2), 217–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700030713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good, M., Inzlicht, M., & Larson, M. J. (2015). God will forgive: Reflecting on God’s love decreases neurophysiological responses to errors. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(3), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez, Á, Chinchilla, J., Vázquez, A., López-Rodríguez, L., Paredes, B., & Martínez, M. (2020). Recent advances, misconceptions, untested assumptions, and future research agenda for identity fusion theory. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(6), e12531. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P. (2010). Religion as attachment: The godin award lecture. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 32(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1163/157361210X487177
   Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P. (2020). Attachment in religion and spirituality: A wider view. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2010). Religion as attachment: Normative processes and individual differences. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309348618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Hurwitz, E. S., Davis, A. K., Johnson, M. W., & Jesse, R. (2019). Survey of subjective "God encounter experiences": comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT. PLOS ONE, 14(4), e0214377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Meuli, R., Honey, C. J., Wedeen, V. J., & Sporns, O. (2008). Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLOS Biology, 6(7), e159. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid, N., Pretus, C., Atran, S., Crockett, M. J., Ginges, J., Sheikh, H., Tobeña, A., Carmona, S., Gómez, A., Davis, R., & Vilarroya, O. (2019). Neuroimaging ‘will to fight’ for sacred values: An empirical case study with supporters of an Al Qaeda associate. Royal Society Open Science, 6(6), 181585. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, S., Kaplan, J. T., Curiel, A., Bookheimer, S. Y., Iacoboni, M., & Cohen, M. S. (2009). The neural correlates of religious and nonreligious belief. PLOS ONE, 4(10), e7272. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich, J. (2009). The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and religion. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(4), 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herold, D., Spengler, S., Sajonz, B., Usnich, T., & Bermpohl, F. (2016). Common and distinct networks for self-referential and social stimulus processing in the human brain. Brain Structure and Function, 221(7), 3475–3485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1113-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, K. M. (2012). Context sensitivity and the folk psychology of souls: Why Bering et al. Got the findings they did. In D. Evers, M. Fuller, A. Jackelen, & T. Smedes (Eds.), Is Religion Natural? (pp. 49–63). T & T Clark International.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, K. M., & Sousa, P. (2018a). Children’s attribution of beliefs to humans and God: Cross-cultural evidence. Empirical studies in the cognitive science of religion. Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, K. M., & Sousa, P. (2018). Dualism, disembodiment and the divine: Supernatural agent representations in CSR. In A. K. Petersen, G. I. Sælid, L. H. Martin, J. S. Jensen, & J. Sørensen (Eds.), Evolution, Cognition, and the History of Religion: A New Synthesis (pp. 309–321). Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Hohwy, J. (2013). The predictive mind. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holbrook, C., Izuma, K., Deblieck, C., Fessler, D. M., & Iacoboni, M. (2016). Neuromodulation of group prejudice and religious belief. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(3), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, J. R., & Paulus, M. P. (2015). The neural basis of testable and non-testable beliefs. PloS One, 10(5), e0124596. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S., & Han, S. (2014). Shared beliefs enhance shared feelings: Religious/irreligious identifications modulate empathic neural responses. Social Neuroscience, 9(6), 639–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2014.934396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, J. R. (2005). The idiosyncratic aspects of the epilepsy of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Epilepsy & Behavior, 7(3), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huguelet, P., Mohr, S., Borras, L., Gillieron, C., & Brandt, P.-Y. (2006). Spirituality and religious practices among outpatients with schizophrenia and their clinicians. Psychiatric Services, 57(3), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.57.3.366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzlicht, M., McGregor, I., Hirsh, J. B., & Nash, K. (2009). Neural markers of religious conviction. Psychological Science, 20(3), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02305.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, B., Bodling, A., Cohen, D., Christ, S. E., & Wegrzyn, A. (2012). Right parietal lobe-related “selflessness” as the neuropsychological basis of spiritual transcendence. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22(4), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2012.657524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, B., Hanks, R., Bhushan, B., Cohen, D., Roseberry, J., & Yoon, D. P. (2017). Selflessness as a universal neuropsychological foundation of spiritual transcendence: Validation with Christian, Hindu, and Muslim traditions. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(2), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1333090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapogiannis, D., Barbey, A. K., Su, M., Zamboni, G., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J. (2009). Cognitive and neural foundations of religious belief. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(12), 4876–4881. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811717106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapogiannis, D., Deshpande, G., Krueger, F., Thornburg, M. P., & Grafman, J. H. (2014). Brain networks shaping religious belief. Brain Connectivity, 4(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2013.0172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keller, P. S. (2011). Sleep and attachment. In M. El-Sheikh (Ed.), Sleep and development: Familial and socio-cultural considerations (pp. 49–77). Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J., & Frith, C. D. (2007). Predictive coding: An account of the mirror neuron system. Cognitive Processing, 8(3), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-007-0170-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1998). God as a substitute attachment figure: A longitudinal study of adult attachment style and religious change in college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(9), 961–973. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298249004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Attachment theory and religion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29(3), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyaani, M., & Csordas, T. J. (1997). On the peyote road. Natural History, 106(2), 48–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klucharev, V., Smidts, A., & Fernández, G. (2008). Brain mechanisms of persuasion: How ‘expert power’ modulates memory and attitudes. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(4), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsn022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labate, B. C., & Cavnar, C. (2014). Ayahuasca shamanism in the Amazon and beyond. Oxford Ritual Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Lebedev, A. V., Lövdén, M., Rosenthal, G., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2015). Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin. Human Brain Mapping, 36(8), 3137–3153. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshinskaya, A., Contreras, J. M., Caramazza, A., & Mitchell, J. P. (2017). Neural representations of belief concepts: A representational similarity approach to social semantics. Cerebral Cortex, 27(1), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., & Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-Transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60(2), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.2190/XRXM-FYRA-7U0X-GRC0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lifshitz, M., van Elk, M., & Luhrmann, T. M. (2019). Absorption and spiritual experience: A review of evidence and potential mechanisms. Consciousness and Cognition, 73, 102760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, K., Marx, C., Caboclo, L. O., Centeno, R. S., Sakamoto, A. C., & Yacubian, E. M. (2009). Sign of the cross (signum crucis): Observation of an uncommon ictal manifestation of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 14(2), 400–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhrmann, T. M. (2012). When God talks back: Understanding the American evangelical relationship with God. Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Luhrmann, T. M. (2017). Knowing God. The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, 35(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.3167/cja.2017.350210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhrmann, T. M., Weisman, K., Aulino, F., Brahinsky, J. D., Dulin, J. C., Dzokoto, V. A., Legare, C. H., Lifshitz, M., Ng, E., Ross-Zehnder, N., & Smith, R. E. (2021). Sensing the presence of gods and spirits across cultures and faiths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016649118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, L. H., & Wiebe, D. (2014). Pro- and assortative-sociality in the formation and maintenance of religious groups. Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion, 2(1), 5–61. https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.v2i1.5
   Google Scholar
• Mattson, M. P. (2014). Superior pattern processing is the essence of the evolved human brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, P. (2004). An evolutionary psychology of sleep and dreams. Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• McNamara, P. (2016). Dreams and visions: How religious ideas emerge in sleep and dreams. ABC-CLIO.
   Google Scholar
• McNamara, P., Andresen, J., Clark, J., Zborowski, M., & Duffy, C. A. (2001). Impact of attachment styles on dream recall and dream content: A test of the attachment hypothesis of REM sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 10(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00244.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, P., Ayala, R., & Minsky, A. (2014). REM sleep, dreams, and attachment themes across a single night of sleep: A pilot study. Dreaming, 24(4), 290. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, P., & Bulkeley, K. (2015). Dreams as a source of supernatural agent concepts. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, P., Teed, B., Pae, V., Sebastian, A., & Chukwumerije, C. (2018). Supernatural agent cognitions in dreams. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(3–4), 428–450. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Avihou-Kanza, N. (2011). Individual differences in adult attachment are systematically related to dream narratives. Attachment & Human Development, 13(2), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2011.553918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Sapir-Lavid, Y., & Avihou-Kanza, N. (2009). What’s inside the minds of securely and insecurely attached people? The secure-base script and its associations with attachment-style dimensions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 615. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modestino, E. J., O’Toole, P., & Reinhofer, A. (2016). Experiential and doctrinal religious knowledge categorization in Parkinson’s disease: Behavioral and brain correlates. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, S., Brandt, P.-Y., Borras, L., Gilliéron, C., & Huguelet, P. (2006). Toward an integration of spirituality and religiousness into the psychosocial dimension of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(11), 1952–1959. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, J., Clark, D., Tripodis, Y., Halloran, C. S., Minsky, A., Wildman, W. J., Durso, R., & McNamara, P. (2016). Impacts of religious semantic priming on an intertemporal discounting task: Response time effects and neural correlates. Neuropsychologia, 89, 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubauer, R. L. (2014). Prayer as an interpersonal relationship: A neuroimaging study. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 4(2), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2013.768288
   Google Scholar
• Newberg, A., Alavi, A., Baime, M., Pourdehnad, M., Santanna, J., & d’Aquili, E. (2001). The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: A preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 106(2), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00074-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordin, A., & Bjälkebring, P. (2019). Measuring counterintuitiveness in supernatural agent dream imagery. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palhano-Fontes, F., Andrade, K. C., Tofoli, L. F., Santos, A. C., Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E., Ribeiro, S., & de Araujo, D. B. (2015). The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network. PloS One, 10(2), e0118143. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palminteri, S., Justo, D., Jauffret, C., Pavlicek, B., Dauta, A., Delmaire, C., Czernecki, V., Karachi, C., Capelle, L., & Durr, A. (2012). Critical roles for anterior insula and dorsal striatum in punishment-based avoidance learning. Neuron, 76(5), 998–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus, M., LaViers, L., Prietula, M. J., & Berns, G. (2014). The conforming brain and deontological resolve. PLOS ONE, 9(8), e106061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polimeni, J., & Reiss, J. P. (2002). How shamanism and group selection may reveal the origins of schizophrenia. Medical Hypotheses, 58(3), 244–248. https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2001.1504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretus, C., Hamid, N., Sheikh, H., Ginges, J., Tobeña, A., Davis, R., Vilarroya, O., & Atran, S. (2018). Neural and behavioral correlates of sacred values and vulnerability to violent extremism. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, J. S., & Stevens, A. (1998). The human male socialization strategy set. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(97)00105-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purzycki, B. G., & Holland, E. C. (2019). Buddha as a God: An empirical assessment. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 347(aop), 1–375. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341453
   Google Scholar
• Riekki, T., Lindeman, M., & Raij, T. T. (2014). Supernatural believers attribute more intentions to random movement than skeptics: An fMRI study. Social Neuroscience, 9(4), 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2014.906366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, J. A., Mohr, J. W., & Halcomb, L. (2017). Becoming a Buddhist: The duality of ritual and belief. In P. Groenewegen, J. E. Ferguson, C. Moser, J. W. Mohr, & S. P. Borgatti (Eds.), Structure, Content and Meaning of Organizational Networks (Vol. 53, pp. 143–176). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20170000053007
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki, J. Y., Kim, H. S., & Xu, J. (2011). Religion and well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(8), 1394–1405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111412526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjoedt, U., & Andersen, M. (2017). How does religious experience work in predictive minds? Religion, Brain & Behavior, 7(4), 320–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2016.1249913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjoedt, U., Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H., Geertz, A. W., Lund, T. E., & Roepstorff, A. (2011). The power of charisma—perceived charisma inhibits the frontal executive network of believers in intercessory prayer. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6(1), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjoedt, U., Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H., Geertz, A. W., & Roepstorff, A. (2009). Highly religious participants recruit areas of social cognition in personal prayer. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsn050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjødt, U., Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H., Geertz, A. W., & Roepstorff, A. (2008). Rewarding prayers. Neuroscience Letters, 443(3), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selterman, D., Apetroaia, A. I., Riela, S., & Aron, A. (2014). Dreaming of you. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613486678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selterman, D., Apetroaia, A., & Waters, E. (2012). Script-like attachment representations in dreams containing current romantic partners. Attachment & Human Development, 14(5), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2012.706395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selterman, D., & Drigotas, S. (2009). Attachment styles and emotional content, stress, and conflict in dreams of romantic partners. Dreaming, 19(3), 135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth, A. K. (2013). Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(11), 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth, A. K., & Critchley, H. D. (2013). Extending predictive processing to the body: Emotion as interoceptive inference. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(3), 227–228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12002270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Abu-Akel, A. (2016). The social salience hypothesis of oxytocin. Biological Psychiatry, 79(3), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, C. A., Davis, E. B., George, K., Cuthbert, A. D., Zahl, B. P., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., & Aten, J. D. (2021). Measures of God representations: Theoretical framework and critical review. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000257 
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, C. A., Rentfrow, P. J., & Gibson, N. J. (2017). One God but three concepts: Complexity in Christians’ representations of God. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shtulman, A. (2008). Variation in the anthropomorphization of supernatural beings and its implications for cognitive theories of religion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(5), 1123–1138. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.34.5.1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shtulman, A., Foushee, R., Barner, D., Dunham, Y., & Srinivasan, M. (2019). When Allah meets Ganesha: Developing supernatural concepts in a religiously diverse society. Cognitive Development, 52, 100806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.100806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shtulman, A., & Lindeman, M. (2016). Attributes of God: Conceptual foundations of a foundational belief. Cognitive Science, 40(3), 635–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddle, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., & Faragher, E. B. (2002). Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(3), 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270200005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, M. (2018). The cultural evolution of shamanism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41, 1–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X17001893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirigu, A., Grafman, J., Bressler, K., & Sunderland, T. (1991). Multiple representations contribute to body knowledge processing. Brain, 114(1), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/114.1.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slone, J. (2007). Theological incorrectness: Why religious people believe what they shouldn’t. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Speth, J., Speth, C., Kaelen, M., Schloerscheidt, A. M., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2016). Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(4), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116628430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockly, K. (2020). Appendix B: How is God “like a drug”? exploring the evolution of social affects and oxytocin. In J. Wellman, K. Corcoran, & K. Stockly (Eds.), High on God: How megachurches won the heart of America (pp. 251–284). Oxford University Press. https://oxford-universitypressscholarship-com.ezproxy.bu.edu/view/10.1093oso/9780199827718.001.0001/oso-9780199827718.
   Google Scholar
• Swann, W. B., & Buhrmester, M. D. (2015). Identity fusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(1), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414551363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann Jr., W. B., Buhrmester, M. D., Gómez, A., Jetten, J., Bastian, B., Vázquez, A., Ariyanto, A., Besta, T., Christ, O., Cui, L., Finchilescu, G., González, R., Goto, N., Hornsey, M., Sharma, S., Susianto, H., & Zhang, A. (2014). What makes a group worth dying for? Identity fusion fosters perception of familial ties, promoting self-sacrifice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(6), 912–926. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann Jr., W. B., Jetten, J., Gómez, Á, Whitehouse, H., & Bastian, B. (2012). When group membership gets personal: A theory of identity fusion. Psychological Review, 119(3), 441. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taves, A. (2016). Revelatory events: Three case studies of the emergence of new spiritual paths. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tedrus, G. M. A. S., Fonseca, L. C., Fagundes, T. M., & da Silva, G. L. (2015). Religiosity aspects in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 50, 67–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekin, S., & Cummings, J. L. (2002). Frontal–subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(2), 647–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00428-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiruchselvam, R., Gopi, Y., Kilekwang, L., Harper, J., & Gross, J. J. (2017). In God we trust? Neural measures reveal lower social conformity among non-religious individuals. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(6), 956–964. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, M. A., Weaverdyck, M. E., Mildner, J. N., & Tamir, D. I. (2019). People represent their own mental states more distinctly than those of others. Nature Communications, 10(1), 2117. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10083-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urgesi, C., Aglioti, S. M., Skrap, M., & Fabbro, F. (2010). The spiritual brain: Selective cortical lesions modulate human self-transcendence. Neuron, 65(3), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Elk, M., & Aleman, A. (2017). Brain mechanisms in religion and spirituality: An integrative predictive processing framework. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 73, 359–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen, N., & Van Elk, M. (2019). Seeking the supernatural: The interactive religious experience model. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 9(3), 221–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2018.1453529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viol, A., Palhano-Fontes, F., Onias, H., de Araujo, D. B., & Viswanathan, G. M. (2017). Shannon entropy of brain functional complex networks under the influence of the psychedelic Ayahuasca. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 7388. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06854-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vollenweider, F. X., & Preller, K. H. (2020). Psychedelic drugs: Neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 21, 611–624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0367-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vural, G., Irsel Tezer, F., & Saygi, S. (2015). Ictal movements mimicking Islamic praying rituals: Localizing value in a series of 12 patients. Epilepsy & Behavior, 53, 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.09.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., & Zec, R. F. (1986). Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(2), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020020004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehouse, H. (2000). Arguments and icons: Divergent modes of religiosity. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehouse, H. (2004). Modes of religiosity: A cognitive theory of religious transmission. AltaMira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehouse, H., Lanman, J. A., Downey, G., Fredman, L. A., Swann Jr, W. B., Lende, D. H., McCauley, R. N., Shankland, D., Stausberg, M., & Xygalatas, D. (2014). The ties that bind Us. Current Anthropology, 55(6), 695–000. https://doi.org/10.1086/678698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehouse, H., McQuinn, B., Buhrmester, M., & Swann, W. B. (2014). Brothers in arms: Libyan revolutionaries bond like family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(50), 17783–17785. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416284111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildman, W. J., & Sosis, R. (2011). Stability of groups with costly beliefs and practices. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 14(3), 6. https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.1781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. J. (2018). An ontology of psychedelic entity experiences in evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 2(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2018.002
   Google Scholar
• Wright, R. M. (2008). Brazilian ayahuasca religions. Fieldwork in Religion, 2(3), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1558/fiel2008v2i2.177
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, D., Li, Q., Shen, H., Song, H., Xu, K., Liu, F., Wang, J., & Liu, D. (2018). The dreams of monks: Studies on Chinese Buddhists’ dream content. Dreaming, 28(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, W., Cristofori, I., Bulbulia, J., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J. (2017). Biological and cognitive underpinnings of religious fundamentalism. Neuropsychologia, 100, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, W., Krueger, F., Wilson, M., Bulbulia, J., & Grafman, J. (2018). Prefrontal brain lesions reveal magical ideation arises from enhanced religious experiences. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 24(2), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar