“Trust yourself and your body”: advice from fat individuals on how to navigate fat fertility, pregnancy, and birth

References

• Basinger, E. D., M. M. Quinlan, and M. Rawlings. 2022. “Memorable Messages About Fat Bodies Before, During, and After Pregnancy.” Health Communication 1–11. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2131982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito, E., J. M. Gómez-Martin, B. Vega-Piñero, P. Priego, J. Galindo, H. F. Escobar-Morreale, and J. I. Botella-Carretero. 2020. “Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Following Bariatric Surgery.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105 (9): e3384–e91. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, B. R., A. D. Ablett, C. Ochi, J. Hudson, L. Watson, D. Rauh, and A. Avenell. 2023. “The Effect of Weight Loss Interventions for Obesity on Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 161 (2): 335–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cody, M. J., D. J. Canary, and S. W. Smith. 1994. “Compliance-Gaining Goals: An Inductive Analysis of Actors' Goal Types, Strategies, and Successes.” In Strategic Interpersonal Communication, edited by J. A. Daly and J. M. Wiemann, 33–90. Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., and G. McKay. 1984. “Social Support, Stress and the Buffering Hypothesis: A Theoretical Analysis.” In Handbook of Psychology and Health, Volume IV, edited by Shelley E. Taylor, Jerome E. Singer, and Andrew Baum, 253–67. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003044307-10.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, K., and C. L. Wilson. 2019. “Representations of Fatness in Parents Magazine: A Critical Discourse Analysis.” Fat Studies 8 (3): 320–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2019.1574509.
   Google Scholar
• DeJoy, S. B., K. Bittner, and D. Mandel. 2016. “A Qualitative Study of the Maternity Care Experiences of Women with Obesity: ‘More Than Just a Number on the Scale.’.” Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 61 (2): 217–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstude, K., and N. J. Roese. 2008. “The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 12 (2): 168–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308316091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraji-Rad, A., B. M. Samuelsen, and L. Warlop. 2015. “On the Persuasiveness of Similar Others: The Role of Mentalizing and the Feeling of Certainty.” Journal of Consumer Research 42 (3): 458–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, B., and E. L. MacGeorge. 2006. “Predicting Receptiveness to Advice: Characteristics of the Problem, the Advice-Giver, and the Recipient.” Southern Communication Journal 71 (1): 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417940500503548.
   Google Scholar
• Feng, B., and E. L. MacGeorge. 2010. “The Influences of Message and Source Factors on Advice Outcomes.” Communication Research 37 (4): 553–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210368258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. 1954. “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes.” Human Relations 7 (2): 117–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J., and K. Fitch. 1997. “The Normative Context of Advice as Social Support.” Human Communication Research 23 (4): 454–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00406.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J., and E. L. MacGeorge. 2000. “The Impact of Politeness and Relationship on Perceived Quality of Advice About a Problem.” Human Communication Research 26 (2): 234–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00757.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatteberg, S. J. 2021. “A Tale of Many Sources: The Perceived Benefits of Significant Other, Similar Other, and Significant and Similar Other Social Support.” Sociological Perspectives 64 (1): 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121420908885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, G. H. G., and R. Reulke. 2015. “Reliability Assessment for Remote Sensing Data: Beyond Cohen’s Kappa.” IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 4995–98. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326954.
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorf, K. 2004. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. 2020. “‘You Will Face Discrimination:’ Fatness, Motherhood, and the Medical Profession.” Fat Studies 9 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2019.1595289.
   Google Scholar
• Lindhardt, C. L., S. Rubak, L. Mogensen, R. F. Lamont, and J. S. Joergensen. 2013. “The Experience of Pregnant Women with a Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2 of Their Encounters with Healthcare Professionals.” Obstetrics & Gynaecology 92 (9): 1101–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12186.
   Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., B. Feng, G. L. Butler, and S. K. Budarz. 2004. “Understanding Advice in Supportive Interactions: Beyond the Facework and Message Evaluation Paradigm.” Human Communication Research 30 (1): 42–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00724.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., B. Feng, and E. R. Thompson. 2008. “‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ Advice: How to Advise More Effectively.” In Studies in Applied Interpersonal Communication, edited by T. Motley Michael, 145–64. Thousand Oaks: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412990301.n7.
   Google Scholar
• McPhail, D., A. Bombak, P. Ward, and J. Allison. 2016. “Wombs at Risk, Wombs as Risk: Fat Women’s Experiences of Reproductive Care.” Fat Studies 5 (2): 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2016.1143754.
   Google Scholar
• Mensinger, J. L., T. L. Tylka, and M. E. Calamari. 2018. “Mechanisms Underlying Weight Status and Healthcare Avoidance in Women: A Study of Weight Stigma, Body-Related Shame and Guilt, and Healthcare Stress.” Body Image 25 (2018): 139–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.03.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merviel, P., A. S. Jacamon, S. Bouée, M. T. Le Martelot, S. Roche, J. Chabaud, H. Drapier, A. Perrin, and D. Beauvillard. 2020. “Effects of Female Body Mass Index on the Outcome of in vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection or Intrauterine Insemination.” Clinical Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine 6 (5): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.15761/COGRM.1000301.
   Google Scholar
• Neuendorf, K. A. 2002. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nyman, V. M. K., Å. K. Prebensen, and G. E. M. Flensner. 2010. “Obese Women’s Experiences of Encounters with Midwives and Physicians During Pregnancy and Childbirth.” Midwifery 26 (4): 424–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.10.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, G. 2014. “Mothers at Large: Responsibilizing the Pregnant Self for the ‘Obesity Epidemic.’.” Fat Studies 3 (2): 101–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2014.889491.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, G. 2017. “Shamed into Health? Fat Pregnant Women’s Views on Obesity Management Strategies in Maternity Care.” Women’s Studies Journal 31 (1): 22–33. http://www.wsanz.org.nz/journal/docs/WSJNZ311Parker22-33.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, G., and C. Pausé. 2018. “‘I’m Just a Woman Having a Baby:’ Negotiating and Resisting the Problematization of Pregnancy Fatness.” Frontiers in Sociology 3 (5). https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2018.00005.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, G., and C. Pausé. 2019. “Productive but Not Constructive: The Work of Shame in the Affective Governance of Fat Pregnancy.” Feminism & Psychology 29 (2): 250–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353519834053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., M. S. Himmelstein, and D. M. Quinn. 2018. “Internalizing Weight Stigma: Prevalence and Sociodemographic Considerations in US Adults.” Obesity 26 (1): 167–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., L. M. Lessard, M. S. Himmelstein, G. D. Foster, and S. E. Jackson. 2021. “The Roles of Experienced and Internalized Weight Stigma in Healthcare Experiences: Perspectives of Adults Engaged in Weight Management Across Six Countries.” PLoS One 16 (6): e0251566. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe, D., and N. Ellison. 2015. “Obesity and Internalized Weight Stigma: A Formulation Model for an Emerging Psychological Problem.” Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 43 (2): 239–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813000763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A. C. I., and T. S. Nagpal. 2021. “The WOMBS Framework: A Review and New Theoretical Model for Investigating Pregnancy-Related Weight Stigma and Its Intergenerational Implications.” Obesity Review 22 (12): e13322. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A. C. I., C. D. Schetter, and A. J. Tomiyama. 2020. “Weight Stigma Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women: A New Context of Stigmatization.” Stigma and Health 5 (2): 209–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000191.
   Google Scholar
• Roese, N. J., and K. Epstude. 2017. “The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking: New Evidence, New Challenges, New Insights.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 56:1–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabankhani, B., J. Y. Charati, K. Shabankhani, and S. K. Cherati. 2020. “Survey of Agreement Between Raters for Nominal Data Using Krippendorff’s Alpha.” Archives of Pharmacy Practice 10 (S1): 160–64. https://archivepp.com/article/survey-of-agreement-between-raters-for-nominal-data-using-krippendorffs-alpha.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, R. M., and E. Fehoko. 2023. “Epistemic Injustice and Body Mass Index: Examining Māori and Pacific Women’s Access to Fertility Treatment in Aotearoa New Zealand.” Fat Studies 12 (2): 338–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2022.2063507.
   Google Scholar
• Small, J. L. 2013. “Weak Ties and the Core Discussion Network: Why People Regularly Discuss Important Matters with Unimportant Alters.” Social Networks 35 (3): 470–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2013.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. A. 2021. “‘We Know What They’re Going Through’: Social Support from Similar versus Significant Others.” The Sociological Quarterly 62 (4): 643–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2020.1802360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribole, E., and E. Resch. 2020. Intuitive Eating: A Revolutionary Anti-Diet Approach. 4th ed. New York: St. Martin’s Essentials.
   Google Scholar
• Tylka, T. L., R. A. Annunziato, D. Burgard, S. Danielsdottir, E. Shuman, C. Davis, and R. M. Calogero. 2014. “The Weight-Inclusive versus Weight-Normative Approach to Health: Evaluating the Evidence for Prioritizing Well-Being over Weight Loss.” Journal of obesity 983495. doi:10.1155/2014/983495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward, P., and D. McPhail. 2019. “Fat Shame and Blame in Reproductive Care: Implications for Ethical Health Care Interactions.” Women’s Reproductive Health 6 (4): 225–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2019.1653581.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, S. R., C. G. Aleman, and G. B. Leatham. 1998. “Identity Implications of Influence Goals A Revised Analysis of Face-Threatening Acts and Application to Seeking Compliance With Same-Sex Friends.” Human Communication Research 25 (1): 64–96. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1998.tb00437.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, E., J. Wang, M. J. Davies, and R. Norman. 2002. “Early Pregnancy Loss Following Assisted Reproductive Technology Treatment.” Human Reproduction 17 (12): 3220–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.12.3220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapf, A., S. Castell, L. Moraweitz, and A. Karch. 2016. “Measuring Inter-Rater Reliability for Nominal Data – Which Coefficients and Confidence Intervals are Appropriate?” BMC Medical Research Methodology 16 (1): 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0200-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar