Relative effectiveness of a heterologous booster dose with adenovirus type 5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine versus three doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in adults during a nationwide outbreak of omicron predominance, in China: a retrospective, individually matched cohort-control study

References

• World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for heterologous COVID-19 vaccination schedules [cited 2023 11 April]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/16-12-2021-interim-recommendations-for-heterologous-covid-19-vaccine-schedules.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng L, Liu S, Lu F. Impact of national omicron outbreak at the end of 2022 on the future outlook of COVID-19 in China. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023;12(1):2191738. doi:10.1080/22221751.2023.2191738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Jia Z, Bao L, et al. Memory B cell repertoire from triple vaccinees against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nature. 2022;603(7903):919–925. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04466-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens SAC, Weckx L, Clemens R, et al. Heterologous versus homologous COVID-19 booster vaccination in previous recipients of two doses of CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine in Brazil (RHH-001): a phase 4, non-inferiority, single blind, randomised study. Lancet. 2022;399(10324):521–529. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00094-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing W, Ding F, Zhang Y, et al. Trends of SARS-CoV-2 infection in rural area in sentinel community-based surveillance - China, December 2022 to January 2023. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5(11):241–247. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2023.044
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan Y, Wang L, Feng Z, et al. Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Beijing during 2022: an epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis. Lancet. 2023;401(10377):664–672. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00129-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Hou L, Guo X, et al. Heterologous AD5-nCOV plus CoronaVac versus homologous CoronaVac vaccination: a randomized phase 4 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(2):401–409. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01677-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin PF, Guo XL, Gou JB, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous immunisation with Ad5-nCOV in healthy adults aged 60 years and older primed with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): a phase 4, randomised, observer-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2023;38: 100829. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100829
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li JX, Wu SP, Guo XL, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boost immunisation with an orally administered aerosolised Ad5-nCoV after two-dose priming with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults: a randomised, open-label, single-centre trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(8):739–748. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00087-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin L, Tang R, Wu S, et al. Antibody persistence and safety after heterologous boosting with orally aerosolised Ad5-nCoV in individuals primed with two-dose CoronaVac previously: 12-month analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023;12(1):2155251. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2155251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang R, Zheng H, Wang BS, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of aerosolised Ad5-nCoV, intramuscular Ad5-nCoV, or inactivated COVID-19 vaccine CoronaVac given as the second booster following three doses of CoronaVac: a multicentre, open-label, phase 4, randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2023;11(7):613–623. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00049-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JX, Hou LH, Gou JB, et al. Safety, immunogenicity and protection of heterologous boost with an aerosolised Ad5-nCoV after two-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in adults: a multicentre, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23:1143-1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croda J. Exploring the potential benefits of mucosal COVID-19 vaccines: opportunities and challenges. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(10):1099–1100. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00363-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19: case definitions [cited 2023 11 April]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Surveillance_Case_Definition-2022-1.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16144. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95565-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19 [cited 2023 11 April]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Clinical-2022.2.
   Google Scholar
• Backer JA, Eggink D, Andeweg SP, et al. Shorter serial intervals in SARS-CoV-2 cases with omicron BA.1 variant compared with delta variant, The Netherlands, 13–6 December 2021. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(6):2200042. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.6.2200042
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu D, He G, Li H, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infection and symptoms - China, December 2022-February 2023. China CDC Wkly. 2023;5(17):369–373. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2023.070
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersson NW, Thiesson EM, Baum U, et al. Comparative effectiveness of heterologous third dose vaccine schedules against severe COVID-19 during omicron predominance in nordic countries: population based cohort analyses. Br Med J. 2023 Jul 24;382:e074325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gao B, He L, Bao Y, et al. Repeated vaccination of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dampens neutralizing antibodies against omicron variants in breakthrough infection. Cell Res. 2023;33(3):258–261. doi:10.1038/s41422-023-00781-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju B, Fan Q, Wang M, et al. Antigenic sin of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 vaccine shapes poor cross-neutralization of BA.4/5/2.75 subvariants in BA.2 breakthrough infections. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):7120. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34400-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Jian F, Wang J, et al. Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent omicron RBD evolution. Nature. 2023 Feb;614(7948):521–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addetia A, Piccoli L, Case JB, et al. Neutralization, effector function and immune imprinting of omicron variants. Nature. 2023;621(7979):592–601. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06487-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tayar E, Abdeen S, Abed Alah M, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Qatar. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(2):250–256. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2022.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlon A, Ashur C, Washer L, et al. Impact of the influenza vaccine on COVID-19 infection rates and severity. Am J Infect Control. 2021;49(6):694–700. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2021.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monereo-Sanchez J, Luykx JJ, Pinzon-Espinosa J, et al. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccination history Is associated With lower odds of COVID-19 hospitalization. Front Immunol. 2021;12:749264. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.749264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salas J, Morley JE, Hoft DF, et al. Lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization among patients in the United States with past vaccinations for herpes zoster and tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. Prev Med Rep. 2023;35:102302. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Klaauw AA, Horner EC, Pereyra-Gerber P, et al. Accelerated waning of the humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines in obesity. Nat Med. 2023;29(5):1146–1154. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02343-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons D, Shahab L, Brown J, et al. The association of smoking status with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19: a living rapid evidence review with Bayesian meta-analyses (version 7). Addiction. 2021;116(6):1319–1368. doi:10.1111/add.15276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar