Mpox virus Clade IIb infected Cynomolgus macaques via mimic natural infection routes closely resembled human mpox infection

References

• Pv M, Andersen EK, Petersen KB, et al. A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathologica Microbiol Scand. 1959;46:156–176. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x
   Google Scholar
• Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in basankusu territory, democratic republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;46:593–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCollum AM, Damon IK. Human monkeypox. Clin Infect Dis 2013;58:260–267. doi:10.1093/cid/cit703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Mpox (monkeypox); 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/monkeypox#tab=tab_1
   Google Scholar
• Huo S, Chen Y, Lu R, et al. Development of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for simultaneous detection and differentiation of monkeypox virus IIa, IIb, and I clades and the b.1 lineage. Biosaf Health. 2022;4:392–398. doi:10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.10.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sklenovská N, Van Ranst M. Emergence of monkeypox as the most important orthopoxvirus infection in humans. Front Public Health. 2018;6:241. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2022-23 mpox (monkeypox) outbreak: global trends; 2023. Available from: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/
   Google Scholar
• Cabanillas B, Murdaca G, Guemari A, et al. A compilation answering 50 questions on monkeypox virus and the current monkeypox outbreak. Allergy. 2023;78:639–662. doi:10.1111/all.15633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries — April–June 2022. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:679–691. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Z-K, Zhao Y-C, Wang Z-D, et al. Animal models of mpox virus infection and disease. Infect Med. 2023;2:153–166. doi:10.1016/j.imj.2023.05.004
   Google Scholar
• Nagata N, Saijo M, Kataoka M, et al. Pathogenesis of fulminant monkeypox with bacterial sepsis after experimental infection with West African monkeypox virus in a cynomolgus monkey. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7:4359–4370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willer DO, Ambagala AP, Pilon R, et al. Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) with human varicella-zoster virus. J Virol. 2012;86:3626–3634. doi:10.1128/JVI.06264-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marriott KA, Parkinson CV, Morefield SI, et al. Clonal vaccinia virus grown in cell culture fully protects monkeys from lethal monkeypox challenge. Vaccine. 2008;26:581–588. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl PL, Americo JL, Wyatt LS, et al. Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated mva smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox. Nature. 2004;428:182–185. doi:10.1038/nature02331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch GJ, Graham VA, Bewley KR, et al. Assessment of the protective effect of imvamune and acam2000 vaccines against aerosolized monkeypox virus in cynomolgus macaques. J Virol. 2013;87:7805–7815. doi:10.1128/JVI.03481-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saijo M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, et al. Lc16m8, a highly attenuated vaccinia virus vaccine lacking expression of the membrane protein b5r, protects monkeys from monkeypox. J Virol. 2006;80:5179–5188. doi:10.1128/JVI.02642-05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrei G, Snoeck R. Differences in pathogenicity among the mpox virus clades: impact on drug discovery and vaccine development. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2023;44:719–739. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2023.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker S, Buller RM. A review of experimental and natural infections of animals with monkeypox virus between 1958 and 2012. Future Virol. 2013;8:129–157. doi:10.2217/fvl.12.130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RF, Dyall J, Ragland DR, et al. Comparative analysis of monkeypox virus infection of cynomolgus macaques by the intravenous or intrabronchial inoculation route. J Virol 2011;85:2112–2125. doi:10.1128/JVI.01931-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng Y, Liu X, Li Y, et al. The assessment on cross immunity with smallpox virus and antiviral drug sensitivity of the isolated mpox virus strain wibp-mpxv-001 in China. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023;12:2208682. doi:10.1080/22221751.2023.2208682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalca A, Livingston VA, Garza NL, et al. Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) with aerosolized monkeypox virus. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12880. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tree JA, Hall G, Pearson G, et al. Sequence of pathogenic events in cynomolgus macaques infected with aerosolized monkeypox virus. J Virol 2015;89:4335–4344. doi:10.1128/JVI.03029-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutson CL, Damon IK. Monkeypox virus infections in small animal models for evaluation of anti-poxvirus agents. Viruses. 2010;2:2763–2776. doi:10.3390/v2122763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol. 2005;86:2661–2672. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81215-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Americo JL, Earl PL, Moss B. Virulence differences of mpox (monkeypox) virus clades I, IIa, and IIb.1 in a small animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2023;120:e2220415120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2220415120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper JW, Thompson E, Wilhelmsen C, et al. Smallpox DNA vaccine protects nonhuman primates against lethal monkeypox. J Virol. 2004;78:4433–4443. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.9.4433-4443.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa RB, Ferreira de Castro E, Vieira da Silva M, et al. In vitro and in vivo models for monkeypox. iScience. 2023;26:105702. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Mpox (monkeypox); 2023. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox
   Google Scholar
• Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries – April–June 2022. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:679–691. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng W, Bao L, Gao H, et al. Ocular conjunctival inoculation of sars-cov-2 can cause mild COVID-19 in rhesus macaques. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4400. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18149-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelo KM, Smith T, Camprubí-Ferrer D, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with monkeypox in the geosentinel network: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23:196–206. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00651-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernaez B, Muñoz-Gómez A, Sanchiz A, et al. Monitoring monkeypox virus in saliva and air samples in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Microbe. 2023;4:e21–e28. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00291-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gould S, Atkinson B, Onianwa O, et al. Air and surface sampling for monkeypox virus in a UK hospital: an observational study. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3:e904–e911. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00257-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beeson A, Styczynski A, Hutson CL, et al. Mpox respiratory transmission: the state of the evidence. Lancet Microbe. 2023;4:e277–e283. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00034-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman JL, Nichols DK, Martinez MJ, et al. Animal models of orthopoxvirus infection. Vet Pathol. 2010;47:852–870. doi:10.1177/0300985810378649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum FM, Torres-Ruesta A, Tay MZ, et al. Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22:597–613. doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00775-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikitina E, Larionova I, Choinzonov E, et al. Monocytes and macrophages as viral targets and reservoirs. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19; doi:10.3390/ijms19092821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1742–1751. doi:10.1086/498115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahon N. Smallpox and related poxvirus infections in the simian host. Bacteriol Rev. 1961;25:459–476. doi:10.1128/br.25.4.459-476.1961
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, et al. Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:773–780. doi:10.1086/505880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar