Mafia or Farmer? Coevolutionary consequences of retaliation and farming as predatory strategies upon host nests by avian brood parasites

References

• Anderson MG, Gill BJ, Briskie JV, Brunton DH, Hauber ME. 2013. Latitudinal differences in the breeding phenology of Grey Warblers covary with the prevalence of parasitism by Shining Bronze-Cuckoos. Emu. 113:187–191.
   Google Scholar
• Arcese P, Smith JNM, Hatch MI. 1996. Nest predation by cowbirds, and its consequences for passerine demography. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 93:4608–4611.
   Google Scholar
• Avilés JM, Rutila J, Møller AP. 2005. Should the redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) accept or reject cuckoo eggs? Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 58:608–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bán M, Moskát C, Barta Z, Hauber ME. 2013. Simultaneous viewing of own and parasitic eggs is not required for foreign egg rejection by a cuckoo host. Behav Ecol. 24:1014–1021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briskie JV. 2007. Direct observations of shining cuckoos (Chrysococcyx lucidus) parasitising and depredating grey warbler (Gerygone igata) nests. Notornis. 54:15–19.
   Google Scholar
• Canestrari D, Bolopo D, Turlings TCJ, Röoder G, Marcos JM, Baglione V. 2014. From parasitism to mutualism: unexpected interactions between a cuckoo and its host. Science. 343:1350–1352.
   Google Scholar
• Chakra MA, Hilbe C, Traulsen A. 2014. Plastic behaviors in hosts promote the emergence of retaliatory parasites. Scientific Reports. 4:4251. doi:10.1038/srep04251.
   Google Scholar
• Davies NB. 2000. Cuckoos, cowbirds and other cheats. London: T & AD Poyser.
   Google Scholar
• Davies NB. 2011. Cuckoo adaptations: trickery and tuning. J Zool. 284:1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies NB, Brooke M de L, Kacelnik A. 1996. Recognition errors and probability of parasitism determine whether reed warblers should accept or reject mimetic cuckoo eggs. Proc R Soc London B. 263:925–931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow D. 1972. The New Zealand long-tailed Cuckoo: nest parasite or predator? Emu. 72:179–180.
   Google Scholar
• Dubina KM, Peer BD. 2013. Egg pecking and discrimination by female and male Brown-headed Cowbirds. J Ornithol. 154:553–557.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott PF. 1999. Killing of host nestlings by the Brown-headed Cowbird. J Field Ornithol. 70:55–57.
   Google Scholar
• Feeney WE, Welbergen JA, Langmore NE. 2012. The frontline of avian brood parasite–host coevolution. Anim Behav. 84:3–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloag R, Fiorini VD, Reboreda JC, Kacelnik A. 2011. Brood parasite eggs enhance egg survivorship in a multiply parasitized host. Proc R Soc London B. 279:1831–1839.
   Google Scholar
• Grim T. 2007. Equal rights for chick brood parasites. Ann Zool Fennici. 44:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grim T, Samaš P, Hauber ME. 2014. The repeatability of avian egg ejection behaviors across different temporal scales, breeding stages, female ages and experiences. Behav Ecol and Sociobiol. doi:10.1007/s00265-014-1688-9.
   Google Scholar
• Gross MR. 1996. Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diversity within sexes. Trends Ecol Evol. 11:92–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guigueno MF, Sealy SG. 2012. Nest sanitation in passerine birds: implications for egg rejection in hosts of brood parasites. J Ornithol. 153:35–52.
   Google Scholar
• Hauber ME. 2000. Nest predation and cowbird parasitism in Song Sparrows. J Field Ornithol. 71:389–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauber ME. 2009. Does the removal of avian brood parasite eggs increase host productivity? A case study with brown-headed cowbirds Molothrus ater and song sparrows Melospiza melodia near Ithaca, New York, USA. Conserv Evidence. 6:83–88.
   Google Scholar
• Hauber ME, Samaš P, Anderson MG, Rutila J, Low J, Cassey P, Grim T. 2013. Life-history theory predicts host behavioural responses to experimental brood parasitism [Internet]. Ethol Ecol Evol. doi: 10.1080/03949370.2013.851121.
   Google Scholar
• Hauber ME, Yeh PJ, Roberts JOL. 2004. Patterns and coevolutionary consequences of repeated brood parasitism. Proc R Soc London B. 271:S317–S320.
   Google Scholar
• Henger C, Hauber ME. Forthcoming. Variation in antiparasitic behaviors of Red-winged Blackbirds in response to Brown-headed Cowbirds. Wilson J Ornithol.
   Google Scholar
• Hoover JP. 2003. Experiments and observations of prothonotary warblers indicate a lack of adaptive responses to brood parasitism. Anim Behav. 65:935–944.
   Google Scholar
• Hoover JP, Robinson SK. 2007. Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 104:4479–4483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover JP, Yasukawa K, Hauber ME. 2006. Spatially and temporally structured avian brood parasitism affects the fitness benefits of hosts' rejection strategies. Anim Behav. 72:881–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilner RM, Langmore NE. 2011. Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes. Biol Rev. 86:836–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilner RM, Madden JR, Hauber ME. 2004. Brood parasitic cowbird nestlings use host young to procure resources. Science. 305:877–879.
   Google Scholar
• Kleindorfer SM, Evans C, Colombelli-Négrel D, Robertson J, Griggio M, Hoi H. 2013. Host response to cuckoo song is predicted by the future risk of brood parasitism. Front Zool. 10:30–35.
   Google Scholar
• Krüger O. 2011. Brood parasitism selects for no defence in a cuckoo host. Proc R Soc London B. 22:2777–2783.
   Google Scholar
• Lawes MJ, Marthews TR. 2003. When will rejection of parasite nestlings by hosts on nonevicting avian brood parasites be favored? A misimprinting-equilibrium model. Behav Ecol. 14:757–770.
   Google Scholar
• Lindholm AK. 2000. Tests of phenotypic plasticity in reed earbler defences against cuckoo parasitism. Behaviour. 137:43–60.
   Google Scholar
• Lotem A. 1993. Learning to recognize nestlings is maladaptive for cuckoo Cuculus canorus hosts. Nature. 362:743–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low J, Burns KC, Hauber ME. 2009. Wild number sense in brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds. Ibis. 151:775–777.
   Google Scholar
• McLaren CM, Sealy SG. 2000. Are nest predation and brood parasitism correlated in yellow warblers? A test of the cowbird predation hypothesis. Auk. 117:1056–1060.
   Google Scholar
• Moskát C, Bán M, Szekely T, Komdeur J, Lucassen RWG, van Boheemen L, Hauber ME. 2010. Discordancy or template-based recognition? Dissecting the cognitive basis of the rejection of foreign eggs in hosts of avian brood parasites. J Exp Biol. 213:1976–1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Øien IJ, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Honza M. 1998. Costs of Cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism to reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus. J Avian Biol. 29:209–215.
   Google Scholar
• Ortega CP. 1998. Cowbirds and other brood parasites. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pagel M, Møller AP, Pomiankowksi A. 1998. Reduced parasitism by retaliatory cuckoos selects for hosts that rear cuckoo nestlings. Behav. Ecol. 9:566–572.
   Google Scholar
• Peer BD, Sealy SG. 2004. Correlates of egg rejection in hosts of the Brown-headed Cowbird. Condor. 106:580–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit LJ. 1991. Adaptive tolerance of cowbird parasitism by prothonotary warblers: a consequence of nest-site limitation? Anim Behav. 41:425–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert M, Sorci G, Møller AP, Hochberg ME, Pomiankowski A, Pagel M. 1999. Retaliatory cuckoos and the evolution of host resistance to brood parasites. Anim Behav. 58:817–824.
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein SI. 1990. A model system for coevolution: avian brood parasitism. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 21:481–508.
   Google Scholar
• Samas P, Hauber ME, Cassey P, Grim T. 2011. Repeatability of foreign egg rejection: testing the assumptions of co-evolutionary theory. Ethology. 117:606–619.
   Google Scholar
• Sealy SG. 1994. Observed acts of egg destruction, egg removal, and predation on nests of passerine birds at Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Can Field Nat. 108:41–51.
   Google Scholar
• Servedio M, Hauber ME. 2006. To eject or to abandon? Brood parasite virulence and host clutch sizes interact to influence the fitness payoffs of alternative rejection strategies. J Evol Biol. 19:1585–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servedio MR, Lande R. 2003. Coevolution of an avian host and its parasitic cuckoo. Evolution. 57:1164–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JNM, Taitt MJ, Zanette L. 2002. Removing Brown-headed Cowbirds increases seasonal fecundity and population growth in song sparrows. Ecology. 83:3037–3047.
   Google Scholar
• Soler JJ, Møller AP, Soler M. 1998. Mafia behaviour and the evolution of facultative virulence. J Theor Biol. 191:267–277.
   Google Scholar
• Soler JJ, Sorci G, Soler M, Møller AP. 1999. Change in host rejection behavior mediated by the predatory behavior of its brood parasite. Behav Ecol. 10:275–280.
   Google Scholar
• Soler M, Soler JJ, Martinez JG, Møller AP. 1995. Magpie host manipulation by great spotted cuckoos: evidence for an avian mafia. Evolution. 49:770–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler M, Soler JJ, Martínez JG, Pérez-Contreras T, Møller AP. 1998. Micro-evolutionary change and population dynamics of a brood parasite and its primary host: the intermittent arms race hypothesis. Oecologia. 117:381–390.
   Google Scholar
• Spottiswoode CN. 2013. A brood parasite selects for its own eggs traits. Biol Lett. 9:20130573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens M, Troscianko J, Spottiswoode CN. 2013. Repeated targeting of the same hosts by a brood parasite compromises host egg rejection. Nat Commun. 4:2475.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner GF, Aidala Z, Croston R, Hauber ME. 2013. Repeated brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) at Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) nesting sites across non-consecutive years. Wilson J Ornithol. 125:389–394.
   Google Scholar
• Wyllie I. 1981. The cuckoo. London: Batsford.
   Google Scholar
• Zahavi A. 1979. Parasitism and nest predation in parasitic cuckoos. Am Nat. 113:157–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanette LY, Clinchy M, Leonard ML, Horn AG, Haydon DT, Hampson E. 2011. Brood-parasite-induced female-biased mortality affects songbird demography: negative implications for conservation. Oikos. 121:1493–1500.
   Google Scholar