Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ventilator-associated pneumonia. A retrospective matched case-control study

References

• Kalanuria AA, Zai W, Mirski M. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU. Crit Care. 2014;18:208. doi:10.1186/cc13775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgurich PE, Hudcova J, Lei Y, et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: controversies and working toward a gold standard. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26:140–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative organisms isolated from patients hospitalised with pneumonia in US and European hospitals: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial surveillance program, 2009-2012. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;43:328–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicodemo AC, Paez JI. Antimicrobial therapy for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looney WJ, Narita M, Muhlemann K. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging opportunist human pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:312–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooke JS. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:2–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooke JS. New strategies against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a serious worldwide intrinsically drug-resistant opportunistic pathogen. Expert Rev anti Infect Ther. 2014;12:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YL, Scipione MR, Dubrovskaya Y, et al. Monotherapy with fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:176–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trouillet JL, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:531–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalakrishnan R, Hawley HB, Czachor JS, et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection and colonization in the intensive care units of two community hospitals: a study of 143 patients. Heart Lung. 1999;28:134–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nseir S, Di Pompeo C, Brisson H, et al. Intensive care unit-acquired Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Crit Care. 2006;10:R143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanes SD, Demirkan K, Tolley E, et al. Risk factors for late-onset nosocomial pneumonia caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in critically ill trauma patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathmanathan A, Waterer GW. Significance of positive Stenotrophomonas maltophilia culture in acute respiratory tract infection. Eur Respir J. 2005;25:911–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CC, Fang WF, Huang KT, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients with nosocomial Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:1193–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samonis G, Karageorgopoulos DE, Maraki S, et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a general hospital: patient characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and treatment outcome. PloS One. 2012;7:e37375. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saugel B, Eschermann K, Hoffmann R, et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the respiratory tract of medical intensive care unit patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:1419–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Kastoris AC, Vouloumanou EK, et al. Attributable mortality of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: a systematic review of the literature. Future Microbiol. 2009;4:1103–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisenberg G, Rolston KV, Dickey BF, et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia in cancer patients without traditional risk factors for infection, 1997-2004. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Brauwer EI, Jacobs JA, Nieman F, et al. Cytocentrifugation conditions affecting the differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2000;22:416–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonten MJ, Bergmans DC, Stobberingh EE, et al. Implementation of bronchoscopic techniques in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia to reduce antibiotic use. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:1820–1824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linssen CF, Jacobs JA, Schouten JS, et al. Influence of antibiotic therapy on the cytological diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:865–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirtland SH, Corley DE, Winterbauer RH, et al. The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparison of histologic, microbiologic, and clinical criteria. Chest. 1997;112:445–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumonia (Ventilator-associated [VAP] and non-ventilator-associated Pneumonia [PNEU]) Event 2015. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/6pscVAPcurrent.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rello J, Ricart M, Ausina V, et al. Pneumonia due to haemophilus influenzae among mechanically ventilated patients. Incidence, outcome, and risk factors. Chest. 1992;102:1562–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:818–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, de Mendonca A, Cantraine F, et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on “sepsis-related problems” of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:1793–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, et al. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. JAMA 2001;286:1754–1758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Mili N, et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic “blind” bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:1121–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurink CA, Van Nieuwenhoven CA, Jacobs JA, et al. Clinical pulmonary infection score for ventilator-associated pneumonia: accuracy and inter-observer variability. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs JA, Stobberingh EE, Cornelissen EI, et al. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples by a rapid immunochromatographic membrane assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4037–4040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins JM, Degener JE, de Neeling AJ, et al. Experiences with the Dutch Working Party on antibiotic policy (SWAB). Euro Surveill. 2008;13:19037.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rello J, Ausina V, Ricart M, et al. Impact of previous antimicrobial therapy on the etiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 1993;104:1230–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter JD. Ventilator associated pneumonia. BMJ 2012;344:e3325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koulenti D, Lisboa T, Brun-Buisson C, et al. Spectrum of practice in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in patients requiring mechanical ventilation in European intensive care units. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2360–2368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholte JB, van Dessel HA, Linssen CF, et al. Endotracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis: interchangeable diagnostic modalities in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia? J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:3597–3604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novosel TJ, Hodge LA, Weireter LJ, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: depends on your definition. Am Surg. 2012;78:851–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pileggi C, Bianco A, Flotta D, et al. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, mortality and all intensive care unit acquired infections by topically applied antimicrobial or antiseptic agents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in intensive care units. Crit Care. 2011;15:R155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnabel RM, Scholte JB, Van Der Velden KE, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia rates after introducing selective digestive tract decontamination. Infect Dis. 2015;47:650–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar