Compliance to antibiotic guidelines leads to more appropriate use of antibiotics in skin and soft tissue infections in injecting drug users

References

• Marks M, Pollock E, Armstrong M, et al. Needles and the damage done: reasons for admission and financial costs associated with injecting drug use in a Central London Teaching Hospital. J Infect. 2013;66:95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz D, Viktorin N, Wolbers M, et al. Appropriateness of antibiotic treatment in intravenous drug users, a retrospective analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2008;8:42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon RJ, Lowy FD. Bacterial infections in drug users. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1945–1954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeie I, Brekke M, Lindbaek M, et al. Somatic health among heroin addicts before and during opioid maintenance treatment: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown P, Ebright JR. Skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2002;4:415–419.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsen ASF, Halvorsen TF. Bomskudd - Hud- og bløtdelsinfeksjoner i forbindelse med injeksjonsmisbruk [Bad shots - Skin- and soft tissue infections following intravenous drug abuse]. Tidskrift for Den Norske Legeforening. 2000;120:199–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez-Obregon AC, Shah D, Howell AI, et al. Challenges in anti-infective therapy for skin conditions: part 1. Exp Rev Dermatol. 2008;3:367–394.
   Google Scholar
• McLauchlin J, Mithani V, Bolton FJ, et al. An investigation into the microflora of heroin. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51:1001–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik KS, Kapila K, Praharaj AK. Shooting up: the interface of microbial infections and drug abuse. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60:408–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Smith E, Hull MW, Tyndall MW, et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is prevalent in wounds of community-based injection drug users. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstein J, Baker EJ, Aprahamian C, et al. Soft tissue abscesses associated with parenteral drug abuse: presentation, microbiology, and treatment. Am Surg. 1995;61:1105–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summanen PH, Talan DA, Strong M, et al. Bacteriology of skin and soft-tissue infections: comparison of infections in intravenous drug users and individuals with no history of intravenous drug use. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:279–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen MB, Albrektsen SB, Simper LB, et al. Soft tissue infections from drug abuse. A clinical and microbiological review of 145 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 1994;65:625–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young DM, Harris HW, Charlebois ED, et al. An epidemic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infections among medically underserved patients. Arch Surg. 2004;139:947–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins TC, Knepper BC, Moore SJ, et al. Microbiology and initial antibiotic therapy for injection drug users and non-injection drug users with cutaneous abscesses in the era of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22:993–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson SR, Paul J, Sloan E, et al. The emergence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among injecting drug users. J Infect. 2009;58:339–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Cohen SH, King J, et al. Injecting drug use and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;60:347–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paydar KZ, Hansen SL, Charlebois E, et al. Inappropriate antibiotic use in soft tissue infections. Arch Surg. 2006;141:850–856.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmerman LH, Tyburski JG, Stoffan A, et al. Twelve hundred abscesses operatively drained: an antibiotic conundrum? Surgery. 2009;146:794–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisch F, Zbinden R, Vanoli C, et al. Epidemic spread of a single clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among injection drug users in Zurich, Switzerland. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:581–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett MM, Hood J, Brazier JS, et al. Soft tissue infections caused by spore-forming bacteria in injecting drug users in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133:575–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ti tilfeller av botulisme hos injiserende rusmisbrukere i Oslo-området. [Ten cases of botulism among people who use drugs in the Oslo-area] [Internet] Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 2015 [cited 2018 June 10]. Available from: http://www.fhi.no/artikler/?id=113683
   Google Scholar
• Clinical breakpoints for bacteria. Archive of EUCAST tables and documents: The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; [cited 2019 November 04]. Available from: http://www.eucast.org/ast_of_bacteria/previous_versions_of_documents/
   Google Scholar
• Dahlman D, Berge J, Nilsson AC, et al. Opioid and amphetamine dependence is associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): an epidemiological register study with 73,201 Swedish in- and outpatients 1997-2013. Infect Dis. 2017;49:120–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORM NORM-VET. Usage of antimicrobial agents and occurence of antimicrobial resistance in Norway. Oslo: Norwegian Surveillance System for Antimicrobial Drug Resistance; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Singer AJ, Talan DA. Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1039–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil PN, Huber-Wagner S, Altheim S, et al. Diagnostic and treatment options for skin and soft tissue abscesses in injecting drug users with consideration of the natural history and concomitant risk factors. Eur J Med Res. 2008;13:415–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz GR, Bruner D, Pitotti R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for uncomplicated skin abscesses in patients at risk for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:283–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendran PM, Young D, Maurer T, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cephalexin for treatment of uncomplicated skin abscesses in a population at risk for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:4044–4048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeie I, Brekke M, Gossop M, et al. Changes in somatic disease incidents during opioid maintenance treatment: results from a Norwegian cohort study. BMJ Open. 2011;1:e000130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretteville-Jensen AL, Amundsen EJ. Omfang av sprøytemisbruk i Norge. SIRUS-rapport nr 5/2006 [Extent of intravenous drug use in Norway. SIRUS-report nr 5/2006]. Oslo; 2006.
   Google Scholar