The Russian-Ukrainian war has shattered the European far right. The opposing influences of Steve Bannon and Aleksandr Dugin

References

• Abrahamsen, R. (2020). Internationalists, sovereigntists, nativists: Contending visions of world order in Pan-Africanism. Review of International Studies, 46(1), 56–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210519000305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achcar, G. (2023). The New Cold War: The United States, Russia, and China from Kosovo to Ukraine. Haymarket Books.
   Google Scholar
• Alexe, D. (2018, February 8). Pro-Russia AfD delegation in Crimea sparks outrage in Kiev. NewEurope.
   Google Scholar
• Al Mayadeen. (2022, August 14). AfD organize rally in Berlin to call for relaunch of Nord Stream 2. Al Mayadeen.
   Google Scholar
• Al Mayadeen. (2022a, March 1). German MP: NATO responsible for Ukraine crisis. Al Mayadeen.
   Google Scholar
• Amann, M., & Lokshin, P. (2016, April 27). Moscow's fifth column. German populists forge ties with Russia. Spiegel International.
   Google Scholar
• Amaya, H. (2018). White nationalism and publicness in the United States. Javnost - The Public, 25(4), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1463348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aung, W. (2023). Conflict trends in 2023: A growing threat to global peace. Vision of Humanity.
   Google Scholar
• Baloge, M. (2021). From brexit to dexit? Alternative für Deutschland’s Euroscepticism on European debates in the Bundestag. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 29(4), 552–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1902290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannon, S. K. (2019, May 6). Steve Bannon: We’re in an economic war with China. It’s futile to compromise. The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Bartsch, M., Baumgärtner, M., Diehl, J., Gebauer, M., Gude, H., von Hammerstein, K., Höfner, R., Jüttner, J., Knobbe, M., Latsch, G., Lehberger, R., Müller, A.-K., Röbel, S., Siemens, A., Ulrich, A., Wiedmann-Schmidt, W., Wiese, R., Winter, S., & Ziegler, J.-P. (2020, August 13). Exploring right-wing extremism in Germany's police and military. Der Spiegel.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2018, July 23). Bannon plan for Europe-wide populist ‘supergroup’ sparks alarm. BBC News.
   Google Scholar
• Berbuir, N., Lewandowsky, M., & Siri, J. (2015). The AfD and its sympathisers: Finally a right-wing populist movement in Germany? German Politics, 24(2), 154–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2014.982546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beznosiuk, M. (2016). The roots of Russia’s neo-Eurasianism. New Eastern Europe, 1(20), 58–64.
   Google Scholar
• Boutin, C. (1996). L’extrême droite française au- delà du nationalisme 1958–1996. Revue Française d’Histoire des Idées Politiques, 3(1), 113–159.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt, L. (2015). Populist parties in Germany, France, and the UK: Growing support for a radical rejection of globalizzazioni? International ResearchScape Journal, 3(19), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.25035/irj.03.01
   Google Scholar
• Breeze, R. (2019). Positioning “the people” and Its enemies: Populism and nationalism in AfD and UKIP. Javnost - The Public, 26(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K., & Mondon, A. (2020). Populism, the media, and the mainstreaming of the far right: The Guardian’s coverage of populism as a case study. Politics, 41(3), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395720955036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, A. (2022, August 26). Steve Bannon wants to summon an army of Christian nationalists. MSNBC.
   Google Scholar
• Canfora, L. (2021). La metamorfosi.
   Google Scholar
• Canfora, L. (2023). Sovranità limitata.
   Google Scholar
• Carden, J. (2019, August 5). Steve Bannon’s foreign policy Crusade against China. The Nation.
   Google Scholar
• Chhor, K. (2018, August 14). Will Europe’s nationalists welcome Bannon’s attempt to unite the right? France24.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, K. (2022, September 20). Far-right German politicians accused of pro-Putin ‘propaganda trip’. The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Copsey, N. (2018). The radical right and fascism. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the radical right (pp. 105–121). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Culbreath, J. (2023, January 3). Rival theories of multipolarity: Aleksandr Dugin and Jiang Shigong. The European Conservative.
   Google Scholar
• Cuzzi, M. (2006). Antieuropa: il fascismo universale di Mussolini. M&B.
   Google Scholar
• Cuzzi, M. (2015). Il Centro internazionale di studi sul fascismo di Losanna. Nuova Storia Contemporanea, 19(3), 81–107.
   Google Scholar
• Dalsbro, A. (2022, October 5). Sverigedemokraterna och Nato. Expo.
   Google Scholar
• de Anna, L. G., & Guerra, N. (2022). La profezia di Koivisto: così la Finlandia abbandona la neutralità. Limes. Rivista italiana di geopolitica, (5), 109–120.
   Google Scholar
• de Benoist, A., & Dugin, A. (2022). Eurasia, Vladimir Putin e la grande politica. Controcorrente.
   Google Scholar
• Dehdari, S. H. (2022). Economic distress and support for radical right parties - Evidence from Sweden. Comparative Political Studies, 55(2), 191–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211024301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Der Spiegel Staff. (2019, April 12). Documents link AfD parliamentarian To Moscow. Spiegel International.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2008). Pax Russica: For a Eurasian alliance against America. New Perspectives Quarterly, 25(4), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2008.01026.x
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2014). Eurasian mission: An introduction to neo-Eurasianism. Arktos.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2015). Eurasia. La rivoluzione conservatrice in Russia. Il Borghese.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2018). L’ ultima guerra dell'isola-mondo.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2020). Soggetto radicale. Teoria e fenomenologia.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2021). Etnosociologia.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2021a). The theory of a multipolar world. Arktos.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2021b, May 24). Africa liberation day is yet to come. Geopolitika.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A. (2021c). Il crepuscolo degli eroi. (Necrologio in morte di Jean Thiriart). In P. Missiaggia (Ed.), Europa Nazione. Jean Thiriart il cavaliere eurasiatico e la Giovane Europa (pp. 9–19). AGA.
   Google Scholar
• Dugin, A., & Lévy, H. B. (2019). The return of Settembrini and Naphta in the 21st century. Nexus Instituut. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x70z5QWC9qs.
   Google Scholar
• Dunlop, J. B. (2004, January 31). Aleksandr Dugin's foundations of geopolitics. Stanford – The Europe Center.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt, S. (2017, December 2). Germany's far-right AfD chooses nationalist as co-leader. Reuters.
   Google Scholar
• Elmuradov, A. (2023). Russia and EU in the new world disorder: Revisiting sovereignty and balance of power in the study of Russian foreign policy. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Energia Oltre. (2022, October 27). Gas, Germania: Afd chiede al governo lancio Nord Stream 2, richiesta respinta. Energia Oltre.
   Google Scholar
• Farand, C. (2017, November 21). Germany's far-right AfD says it is ‘ready’ to take advantage of political stalemate. The Independent.
   Google Scholar
• Faulconbridge, G., & Ravikumar, S. (2022, October 29). Russia says UK navy blew up Nord Stream, London denies involvement. Reuters.
   Google Scholar
• Feldmann, T. A. (2019). Divining domination: Steve Bannon as a political mystagogue. Fast Capitalism, 16(2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.32855/fcapital.201902.007
   Google Scholar
• Giroux, H. A. (2017). White nationalism, armed culture and state violence in the age of Donald Trump. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 43(9), 887–910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453717702800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Times. (2022, March 8). Chinese FM praises criticism of NATO by leader of Germany's AfD party as rational and penetrating. Global Times.
   Google Scholar
• Gotev, G. (2018, July 23). Bannon to establish Brussels headquarters, targeting EU election. Euractiv.
   Google Scholar
• Grabow, K. (2016). Pegida and the alternative FüR Deutschland: Two sides of the same coin? European View, 15(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-016-0419-1
   Google Scholar
• Grimm, R. (2015). The rise of the German Eurosceptic party Alternative für Deutschland, between ordoliberal critique and popular anxiety. International Political Science Review, 36(3), 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115575384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra, N. (2020). Il linguaggio degli opposti estremismi negli anni di piombo. Un’analisi comparativa del lessico nelle manifestazioni di piazza. Italian Studies, 75(4), 470–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/00751634.2020.1820818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra, N. (2022a, August 23). Il mito delle Waffen-SS non tramonta a Ovest. Limes. Rivista italiana di geopolitica.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra, N. (2023). The Russia-Ukraine war has shattered the Italian far right. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2023.2206468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra, N. (2024). The Italian far right from 1945 to the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hahn, G. M. (2018). Ukraine over the edge: Russia, the west and the “New Cold War”. McFarland & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, G. (2020). Why did it take so long? Trump-Bannonism in a global conjunctural frame. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 102(3), 239–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2020.1780791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawk, W. (2019, April 6). Why far-right nationalists like Steve Bannon have embraced a Russian ideologue. The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes, J. (2020). Trump’s America: the political impact of Christian and secular nationalism. Democratization, 27(4), 681–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1685505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinze, A.-S. (2017). Zum schwierigen Umgang mit der AfD in den Parlamenten: Arbeitsweise, Reaktionen, Effekte. Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, 31(1), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41358-020-00245-0
   Google Scholar
• Heiser, J. D. (2014). “The American empire should be destroyed": Alexander Dugin and the perils of immanentized eschatology. Repristination Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hellström, A., & Nilsson, T. (2010). We are the good guys’: Ideological positioning of the nationalist party Sverigedemokraterna in contemporary Swedish politics. Ethnicities, 10(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796809354214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersh, S. (2023, February 8). How America Took Out The Nord Stream Pipeline. Seymour Hersh.
   Google Scholar
• Hines, N. (2018, August 2). Inside Bannon’s plan to Hijack Europe for the far-right. Daily Beast.
   Google Scholar
• Hirvonen, K. (2013). Sweden: When hate becomes the norm. Race & Class, 55(1), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396813486604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEP. (2023). Global peace index 2023. Institute for Economics & Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Jäger, K. (2021). When do party supporters abandon the party leader? The intraparty conflict of the Alternative for Germany. Party Politics, 27(3), 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068819857177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeune Afrique. (2022, April 7). Russia-Africa: From Kemi Seba to Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla, the continent’s pro-Putin ‘influencers’. The Africa report.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, B. (2022, June 24). Undersökning i EU-parlamentet: SD mest Putin-kritiskt av svenska partier. Sveriges Radio.
   Google Scholar
• Jylhä, K. M., Rydgren, J., & Strimling, P. (2022). Xenophobia among radical and mainstream right-wing party voters: prevalence, correlates and influence on party support. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(16), 261–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2061866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczynsky, A. (2017, January 31). Steve Bannon in 2010: ‘Islam is not a religion of peace. Islam is a religion of submission’. CNN politics.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, A. (2018). Why Steve Bannon is not a fascist. Society, 55(4), 303–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-018-0259-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinin, K. (2019). Neo-Eurasianism and the Russian elite: The irrelevance of Aleksandr Dugin’s geopolitics. Post-Soviet Affairs, 35(5-6), 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2019.1663050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamenova, V. (2023). The road to European parliament mandate for populist radical-right parties: Selecting the ‘perfect’ AfD candidate. Party Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688231173804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klare, M. (2018, November 1). The New Cold War is a lot more dangerous than the old. Foreign Policy in Focus.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A.-S. (2022, April 8). Alles, was hier passiert, ist Ihr Schicksal. Frankfurter Allgemeine.
   Google Scholar
• Laqueur, W. (1997). Fascism. Past, present, future. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laruelle, M., & Limonier, K. (2021). Beyond “hybrid warfare”: A digital exploration of Russia’s entrepreneurs of influence. Post-Soviet Affairs, 37(4), 318–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2021.1936409
   Google Scholar
• Lebourg, N. (2006). La Dialectique néo- fasciste, de l’entre- deux- guerres à l’entre- soi. In Centre De Sociologie Historique (Ed.) Vocabulaire du Politique: Fascisme, néofascisme, Cahiers pour l’Analyse concrete (Vol. 57–58, pp. 1–13).
   Google Scholar
• Lees, C. (2018). The ‘Alternative for Germany’: The rise of right-wing populism at the heart of Europe. Politics, 38(3), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395718777718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loxbo, K., & Bolin, N. (2016). Party organizational development and the electoral performance of the radical right: Exploring the role of local candidates in the breakthrough elections of the Sweden democrats 2002–2014. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 26(2), 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2016.1145685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Månsson, M., & Westberg, L. (2006). Pansarspaning med Waffen-SS på östfronten: SS-Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 11 “Nordland” och svenska SS-plutonen i Baltikum, Pommern och Berlin 1943-1945. Leandeoer & Ekholm.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, T. (2017, February 3). Steve Bannon's Islamophobic film script just one example of anti-Muslim views. The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Menzel, M. (2022). Eurasia as a spiritual realm? Inquiries into an imagined continent. Journal of Comparative Studies, 15(44), 32–58. https://doi.org/10.59893/jcs.15(44).004
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, H., & Ant, O. (2017, February 3). Alexander Dugin - The one Russian linking Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Independent.
   Google Scholar
• Minakov, M. (2021). The sovereigntist turn. Sovereignty as a contested concept again. Ideology & Politics Journal, 87–114. https://doi.org/10.36169/2227-6068.2021.01.00005
   Google Scholar
• Mondon, A., & Winter, A. (2020). Reactionary democracy: How racism and the populist Far right became mainstream. Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, L. (2022, September 20). Far-right German party members to tour Russian-held regions of Ukraine. The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, L., & Brady, K. (2022, September 20). Far-right German party members to tour Russian-held regions of Ukraine. The Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, K. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mulinari, D., & Neergaard, A. (2019). A contradiction in terms? migrant activists in the Sweden Democrats party. Identities, 26(2), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2017.1418275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutti, C. (2023, September 18). Quale Eurasia? Eurasia Rivista di Studi Geopolitici.
   Google Scholar
• Niklasson, E., & Hølleland, H. (2018). The Scandinavian far-right and the new politicisation of heritage. Journal of Social Archaeology, 18(2), 121–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469605318757340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, B. (2022). An ideology-critical examination of the cultural heritage policies of the Sweden Democrats. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 28(5), 622–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2022.2042718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norocel, O. C. (2016). Populist radical right protectors of the Folkhem: Welfare chauvinism in Sweden. Critical Social Policy, 36(3), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018315621991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polychroniou, C. J. (2022, December 8). Noam Chomsky: “We’re on the Road to a Form of Neofascism”. Agency – An Anarchist PR Project.
   Google Scholar
• RaiPlay. (1991). 1991 Guerra nei Balcani. Il reclutamento di mercenari italiani nella guardia croata. Rai.
   Google Scholar
• Reflexes. (1993, Octobre). Les Phalanges du Désordre Noir. REFLEXes, 40.
   Google Scholar
• Reflexes. (1993a, Octobre). Michel Faci alias Michel Leloup. REFLEXes, 40.
   Google Scholar
• Reflexes. (1993b, Juin). Extrême Droite: Les Pro-Serbes. REFLEXes, 39.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters Staff. (2019, April 23). Germany's AfD invites ex-Trump aide Bannon to media conference. Reuters.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, D. (2019, May 29). Steve Bannon says Jewish leaders support nationalism, praises Nazi-friendly AfD party. Observer.
   Google Scholar
• Saltybayev, Y., & Parkhomchik, L. (2020). The Eurasian idea of Nursultan Nazarbayev. In M. Lagutina (Ed.), Regional integration and future cooperation initiatives in the Eurasian Economic Union (pp. 193–208). IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, V. A. (2022). The discursive construction of discontent: Varieties of populist anti-system ideas and discursive interactions in Europe. Journal of European Integration, 44(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2032019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, T. (2020). U.S. intelligence and the nascent transatlantic security architecture of the Cold War – The case of the ‘Gesellschaft für Wehrkunde’. Journal of Intelligence History, 19(1), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/16161262.2019.1697547
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt-Beck, R. (2017). The ‘alternative für Deutschland in the Electorate’: Between single-issue and right-wing populist party. German Politics, 26(1), 124–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2016.1184650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Séba, K. (2018). L'Afrique libre ou la mort. Fiat Lux Editions.
   Google Scholar
• Shekhovtsov, A. (2015). Alexander Dugin and the West European new right, 1989–1994. In M. Laruelle (Ed.), Eurasianism and the European far right: Reshaping the Europe–Russia relationship (pp. 35–53). Lexington books.
   Google Scholar
• Shekhovtsov, A., & Umland, A. (2009). Is Aleksandr Dugin a Traditionalist? “Neo-Eurasianism” and Perennial Philosophy. The Russian Review, 68(4), 662–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9434.2009.00544.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng, L., Zhao, H., & Zhao, J. (2019). Why will Trump lose the trade war? China Economic Journal, 12(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2019.1603634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlapentokh, D. (2008). Alexander Dugin's views on the Middle East. Space and Polity, 12(2), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562570802173448
   Google Scholar
• Shroufi, O. (2015). The Gates of Jerusalem: European revisionism and the populist radical right. Race & Class, 57(2), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396815595799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shroufi, O. (2024). What the far right is(n't). In A. Vaughan, J. Braune, T. Tinsley, & A. Mondon (Eds.), The ethics of researching the far right. Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. (2016, November 15). Steve Bannon: appointment of ‘white nationalist’ must be reversed, critics declare. The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, G. H. (1967). The Waffen SS Hitler’s elite guard at war 1939–1945. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, F. (1958). Die Freiwilligen. Idee und Opfergang. Göttingen Presse- Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, K. (2015). Images of Muslims and Islam in Swedish Christian and secular news discourse. Media. War & Conflict, 8(1), 20–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635214531107
   Google Scholar
• Stubley, P. (2018, July 23). Steve Bannon to set up ‘The Movement’ foundation to boost far-right across Europe. Independent.
   Google Scholar
• Tass. (2023, May 17). Europe ‘paying the bill’ for surrendering its autonomy to US — Lavrov. Tass.
   Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum, B. R. (2020). War for eternity: Inside Bannon's far-right circle of global power brokers. Dey Street Books.
   Google Scholar
• Temizer, M. (2022, September 28). Former Polish foreign minister thanks US for damaging Nord Stream pipeline. Anadolu Agency.
   Google Scholar
• The Economist. (2022, March 19–25). The alternative world order. The Economist, 7.
   Google Scholar
• Tzogopoulos, G. N. (2017, November 28). Afd: A new hurdle in the German-Israeli relationship? BesaCenter.
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2020). A new era of conflicts and violence. United Nations, UN75 2020 and beyond.
   Google Scholar
• VoteWatch. (2022). EU-Russia: Latest trends among EU political parties (measurement). Bruxelles-VoteWatch.
   Google Scholar
• Vowles, K., & Hultman, M. (2021). Dead White men vs. Greta Thunberg: Nationalism, Misogyny, and climate change denial in Swedish far-right digital media. Australian Feminist Studies, 36(110), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2022.2062669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagnsson, C. (2011). A security community in the making? Sweden and NATO post-Libya. European Security, 20(4), 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2011.633514
   Google Scholar
• Widfeldt, A. (2008). Party change as a necessity – The case of the Sweden Democrats. Representation, 44(3), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890802237031
   Google Scholar
• Wiedmann-Schmidt, W. (2021, März 3). Verfassungsschutz beobachtet AfD nun bundesweit. Der Spiegel.
   Google Scholar
• Wiklander, D., & Dalsbro, A. (2017, November 1). SD-riksdagsmän kritiseras för resa till Syrien. Expo.
   Google Scholar