References
- Bracken MB, Collins VVF, Freeman DF, et al. Efficacy of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. JAMA. 1984; 251:45–52.
- Bracken MB, Shephard MJ, Hellenbrand KG, et al. Methylprednisolone and neu-rological function one year after spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:704–13.
- Hall ED, Braughler JM. Glucocorticoid mechanisms in acute spinal cord injury: a review and therapeutic rationale. Surg Neurol. 1982;18:320–7.
- Braughler JM, Hall ED. Lactate and pyruvate metabolism in injured cat spinal cord before and after a large dose of methylprednisolone. J Neurosurg. 1983;59:256–61.
- Faden Al, Jacobs TP, Holaday DN. Opiate antagonist improves neurological recov-ery after spinal injury Science. 1981; 211:493–4.
- Faden Al, Jacobs TP, Mougey E, Hola-day DV. Endorphins in experimental spinal injury: therapeutic effects of nal-oxone. Ann Neurol. 1981;10:326–32.
- Young W, Flamm ES, Demopoulos HB, Tomasula JJ, DeCrescito V. Effect of naloxone on posttraumatic ischemia in experimental spinal contusion. J Neuro-surg. 1981;55:209–19.
- Flamm ES, Young W, Collins VVF, Piep-meier J, Clifton GL, Fischer B. A phase 1 trial of naloxone treatment of acute spi-nal cord injury J Neurosurg. 1985;63: 390–7.
- Bracken MB, Shephard MJ, Collins VVF, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1405–11.
- Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins VVF, et al. Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up data. J Neurosurg. 1992; 76:22–31.
- Hurlbert RJ. The role of steroids in acute spinal cord injury: an evidence-based an-alysis. Spine. 2001;26(15 supp11):S39–46.
- Bracken MB, Shephard MJ, Holford TR, et al. Administration of methylprednis-olone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. JAMA. 1997; 277:1597–604.
- Bracken MB, Shephard MJ, Holford TR, et al. Methylprednisolone or tirilazad mesylate administration after acutespinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:699–706.
- Bracken MB, Holford TR. Neurological and functional status 1 year after acute spinal cord injury: estimates of functional recovery in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study II and results modeled in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study J Neurosurg. 2002;96:259–66.
- Bracken MB. Methylprednisolone and acute spinal cord injury: an update of the randomized evidence. Spine. 2001; 256(24 suppl):S47–54.
- Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002:CD001046.
- Otani K, Abe H, Kadoya S, et al. Beneficial effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury in the acute stage. Sekitsui Sekuzji J. 1994;17(2):114–22.
- Nesathurai S. Steroids and spinal cord injury: revisiting the NASCIS 2 and NAS-CIS 3 trials. J Trauma. 1998;45:1088–93.
- Pointillart V, Petitjean ME, Wiart L, et al. Pharmacological therapy of spinal cord injury during the acute phase. Spinal Cord. 2000;38:71–6.
- Coleman WP, Benzel E, Cahill DW, et al. A critical appraisal of the reporting of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (II and III) of methylpredniso-lone in acute spinal cord injury. J Spinal Disord. 2000;13:185–99.
- Short DJ, El Masry WS, Jones PW. High dose methylprednisonone in the man-agement of acute spinal cord injury-a systematic review from a clinical per-spective. Spinal Cord. 2000;38:273–86.
- Merola A, O'Brien MF, Castro BA, et al. Histologic characterization of acute spi-nal cord injury treated with intravenous methylprednisolone. J Orthop Trauma. 2002;16:155–61.
- Rabchevsky AG, Fugaccia I, Sullivan PG, et al. Efficacy of methylprednisolone therapy for the injured rat spinal cord. J Neurosci Res. 2002;68:7–18.
- Galandiuk S. Raque G, Appel S, Polk HC Jr. The two-edged sword of large-dose steroids for spinal cord trauma. Ann Surg. 1993;218:419–25.
- Matsumoto T, Tamaki T, Kawakami M, et al. Early complications of high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate in treatment in the follow-up of acute cervical spinal cord injury. Spine. 2001;26:426–30.
- Qian T, Campagnolo D, Kirshblum S. High-dose methylprednisolone may do more harm for spinal cord injury. Med Hypotheses. 2000;55:452–3.
- Spencer MT, Bazarian II. Are cortico-steroids effective in traumatic spinal cord injury? Ann Emerg Med. 2003; 41:410-3.
- Hurlbert RJ. Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: an inappropri-ate standard of care. J. Neurosurg (Spine 1). 2000;93:1–7.
- Hurlbert RJ, Moulton RJ. Why do you prescribe methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury? A Canadian perspec-tive and position statement. Can J Neurol Sci. 2002;29:236–9.
- Short D. Is the role of steroids in acute spinal cord injury now resolved? Curr Opin Neurol. 2001;14:759–63.