61
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Clumsiness:

Review of Causes, Treatments, and Outlook

Pages 39-55 | Published online: 29 Jul 2009

References

  • Henderson SE. Motor development and minor handicap. In: Kalverboer AF, Hopkins B, Geuze R (eds). Motor Development in Early and Later Child-hood: Longitudinal Approaches. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge Universi-ty Press. 1993; 286–306.
  • Henderson SE, Hall D. Concomitants of clumsiness in young school chil-dren. Dev Med Child NeuroL 1982; 24:448–460.
  • Losse A, Henderson SE, Elliman, D, Hall D, Knight E, Jongmans M. Clumsiness in children—Do they grow out of it? A 10-year follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991; 33:55–68.
  • Gubbay SS. The Clumsy Child—A Study of Developmental Apraxia and Ag-nosic Ataxia. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. 1975.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1987.
  • Williams HG. Perceptual and Motor Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1983.
  • Geuze RH. Variability of performance and adaptation to changing task de-mands in clumsy children. In: Kalverboer AF (ed.) Developmental Biopsycholo-gy: Experimental and Observational Studies in Children at Risk. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan. 1990.
  • Williams HG, Fisher JM, Tritscher KA. Descriptive analysis of static pos-tural control in 4, 6, and 8 year old normal and motorically awkward children. Am J Phys Med. 1983; 62:12–26.
  • Williams HG, Woollacott MH, Ivry R. Timing and motor control in clumsy children. J Motor Behav. 1992; 24:165–172.
  • Geuze RH, Kalverboer AE Inconsistency and adaptation in timing in clumsy children. J of Human Movement Studies. 1987; 13:421–432.
  • Knuckey NW, Gubbay SS. Clumsy children: a prognostic study. Aust Pe-diat. 1983; 19:9–13.
  • Marchiori GE, Wall AE, Bedingfield EW. Kinematic analysis of skill ac-quisition in physically awkward boys. Adapted Phys Activity Quart. 1987; 4:305–315.
  • Horak FB. Motor control models underlying neurologic rehabilitation of posture in children. In: Fossberg H, Hirschfield H (eds). Movement Disorders in Children. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1992.
  • Latash LP, Latash ML. A new book by N. A. Bernstein: "On Dexterity and Its Development." J Motor Behav. 1994; 26(1): 56–62.
  • Damian() DL. Reviewing muscle cocontraction: is it a developmental, pathological, or motor control issue? Phys Occup Ther. Pediatr 1993; 12(4): 3–20.
  • Vereijken B, Whiting HTA, Newell KM, von Emerick REA. Free(z)ing de-grees of freedom in skill acquisition. J Motor Behav. 1992; 24:133–142.
  • Hulme C, Biggerstaff A, Moran G, McKinlay I. Visual, kinaesthetic and cross-modal judgements in length of normal and clumsy children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1982; 24:461–471.
  • Lord R, Hulme C. Perceptual judgements of normal and clumsy children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1987; 29:250–257.
  • van der Meulen J, Gon J van der, Gielen C, Gooskens R, Willemse J. Vi-suomotor performance of normal and clumsy children. I: Fast goal-directed arm-movements with and without visual feedback. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991; 33:40–54.
  • O'Brian V. Cerrnak S. Murray E. Relationship between visual-perceptual motor abilities and clumsiness in children with and without learning disabilities. Am J Occup Ther. 1988; 42:359–363.
  • Hoare D, Larkin D. Kinaesthetic abilities of clumsy children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991; 33:671–678.
  • Elliott J, Connolly K, Doyle A. Development of kinaesthetic sensitivity and motor performance in children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1988; 30:80–92.
  • Laszlo, J, Bairstow P. Perceptual-Motor Behavior: Developmental Assess-ment and Therapy. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1985.
  • Bairstow P. Laszlo J. Kinaesthetic sensitivity to passive movements and its relationship to motor development and motor control. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1981; 23:606–616.
  • Doyle A, Elliott J, Connolly K. Measure of kinaesthetic sensitivity. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1986; 28:188–193.
  • Lord R, Hulme C. Kinaesthetic sensitivity of normal and clumsy children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1987; 29:720–725.
  • Sugden D, Keogh J. Problems in Movement Skill Development. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 1990:153–169.
  • Henderson L, Rose P, Henderson S. Reaction time and movement time in children with a developmental coordination disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992; 33:895–905.
  • Schellekens J, Scholen C, Kalverboer A. Visually guided hand movements in children with minor neurological dysfunction: response time and movement or-ganization. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1983; 24:89–102.
  • Van Dellen T, Geuze R. Motor response processing in clumsy children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1988; 29:489–500.
  • Cermak S. Somatodyspraxia. In: Fisher A, Murray E, Bundy A (eds.). Sen-sory Integration: Theory and Practice. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis Company, 1991.
  • Jensen J, Phillips S, Clark J. For young jumpers, differences are in the movement's control, not its coordination. Res Quart Exerc Sci. 1994; 65:258–268.
  • Williams H, McClenaghan B, Ward D. Duration of muscle activity during standing in normally and slowly developing children. Am J Phy Med. 1985; 64:171–189.
  • Larkin D, Hoare D. The movement approach: a window to understanding the clumsy child. In: Summers JJ (ed). Approaches to the Study of Motor Control and Learning. Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992: 413–439.
  • Newton R. Neural systems underlying motor control. In: Montgomery P. Connolly B. Motor Control and Physical Therapy: Theoretical Framework and Practical Applications. Hixson, TN: Chattanooga Group, Inc. 1991.
  • Roland PE. Organization of motor control by the normal human brain. Hum Neurobiol. 1984; 2:205–216.
  • Henderson SE. Annotation: The assessment of "clumsy" children: old and new approaches. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1987; 28:511–527.
  • Gallahue DL. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Ado-lescents. Indianapolis, IN: Benchmark Press, Inc. 1989.
  • Stott DH, Moyes FA, Henderson SE. Test of Motor Impairment-Henderson Revision. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation, 1983.
  • Bruininks RH. Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Minnesota, MN: American Guidance Service, 1978.
  • Amheim DD, Sinclair WA. The Clumsy Child: A Program of Motor Thera-py. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby Company, 1979.
  • Beery ICE, Buktenica NA. Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integra-tion. (3rd revision). Cleveland, OH: Modem Curriculum Press, 1989.
  • Roach EG, Kephart NC. The Purdue Perceptual Motor Survey. Columbus, OH: Merrill. 1966.
  • Ayres AJ, Marr DB. Sensory integration and praxis tests. In: Fisher AG, Murray EA, Bundy AC (eds). Sensory Integration: Theory and Practice. Philadel-phia, PA: FA Davis, 1991.
  • Touwen BCL. Examination of the Child with Minor Neurological Dysfunc-tion. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott, 1979.
  • Stokman Cl, Shafer SQ, Shaffer D, Ng S, O'Connor PA, Wolff RR. As-sessment of neurological "soft" signs in adolescents: reliability studies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1986; 28 (4):428–439.
  • Folio M, DuBos RF. Peabody Developmental Motor Scales. Nashville, TN: George Peabody College for Teachers. 1974.
  • Henderson P, Rose P, Henderson S. Reaction time and movement time in children with developmental coordination disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992; 33 (3):895–905.
  • Schmidt RA. Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis. 2nd ed.Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1988.
  • McKinlay I. Children with motor learning difficulties: not so much a syn-drome-more a way of life: Physiotherapy. 1987; 73:635–638.
  • Committee on Children with Disabilities. School-aged children with motor disabilities. Pediatrics. 1985; 76:648–649.
  • Gillberg IC, Gillberg C, Groth J. Children with preschool minor neurode-velopmental disorders. V: Neurodevelopmental profiles at age 13. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1989; 31:14–24.
  • Shafer SQ, Stolcman CJ, Shaffer D, Ng SK-C, O'Connor PA, Schonfeld IS. Ten-year consistency in neurological test performance of children without focal neurological deficit. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1986; 28:417–427.
  • Lunsing RI, Hadders-Algra, Huisjes HJ, Touwen BCL Minor neurological dysfunction from birth to 12 years. I: increase during late school-age. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1992; 34:399–403.
  • Geuze R, Borger H. Children who are clumsy: five years later. Adapted Phys Activity Quart. 1993; 10:10–21.
  • Ayres Al. Sensory Integration and the Child. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services, 1980.
  • Fisher AG, Murray EA, Bundy AC. Sensory Integration: Theory and Prac-tice. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis, 1991.
  • Kavale K, Mattson PD. "One jumped off the balance beam": meta-analy-sis of perceptual-motor training. J Learning Disabil. 1983; 16:165–173.
  • Polatajko HI, Law M, Miller J, Schaffer R, Macnab J. The effect of a sen-sory integration program on academic achievement, motor performance, and self-esteem in children identified as learning disabled: results of a clinical trial. Occup Ther J Res. 1991; 11:155476.
  • Wilson BN, Kaplan BJ, Fellowes S. Gruchy C, Fans P. The efficacy of sen-sory integration treatment compared to tutoring. Phy Occup Ther Pediatr. 1992; 12 (1):1–33.
  • Densen .TF, Nuthall GA, Bushnell J, Horn J. Effectiveness of sensory inte-grative therapy programs for children with perceptual-motor deficits. J Learning Disabil. 1989; 22 (4):221–229.
  • Kaplan BJ, Polatajko HJ, Wilson BN, Faris PD. Reexamination of sensory integration treatment: a combination of two efficacy studies. J Learning Disabil. 1993; 26 (5):342–347.
  • Hoehn TP, Baumeister AA. A critique of the application of sensory in-tegration theory to children with learning disabilities. J Learning Disabil. 1994; 27 (6):338–350.
  • Kephart NC. The Slow Learner in the Classroom. Columbus, OH: Merrill, 1971.
  • Schoemaker MM, Hijlkema MGJ, Kalverboer AE Physiotherapy for clumsy children: an evaluation study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994; 36:143–155.
  • Revie G, Larkin D. Task-specific intervention with children reduces move-ment problems. Adapted Phys Activity Quart. 1993; 10:29–41.
  • Goodgold-Edwards SA, Cermak SA. Integrating motor control and motor learning concepts with neuropsychological perspectives on apraxia and develop-mental dyspraxia. Am J Occup Ther. 1990; 44:431–439.
  • Sellers, JS. Clumsiness: causes, treatments and outlook. Presentation at the Canadian Physiotherapy Association and American Physical Therapy Association Joint Conference. Toronto, Ont. 1994.
  • Sellers JS. Motor Development Program for School-Age Children. (2nd ed, in print). Tucson, AZ: Therapy Skill Builders.
  • Lister, M. (ed.) Contemporary Management of Motor Control Problems: Proceedings of the II Step Conference. Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Physical Therapy. 1991.
  • Gentile A. Nature of skill acquisition: therapeutic implications for children with movement disorders. In: Forssberg H, Hirschfeld H. (eds). Movement Disor-ders in Children. Basel, Switzerland. Karger. 1992.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.