Philosophy in Phytopharmacology

References

• Bateson G. Mind and Nature, A Necessary Unity. Bantam Books, New York 1980
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman R, Minkin V I, Carpenter B K. Ockham’s Razor and Chemistry. Internat J Philos Chem 1997; 3: 3–28
   Google Scholar
• Sharma H. Phytochemical synergism: beyond the active ingredient model. Alt Ther Clin Pract. May/June, 1997; 91
   Google Scholar
• Duke J A, Bogenschutz-Godwinschutz-Godwin M J. The Synergy Principle at Work in Plants, Pathogens, Insects, Herbivores, and Humans. Natural Products from Plants, P B Kaufman, L J Cseke, S Warber, J A Duke, H L. Brielmann. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1999; 183–205
   Google Scholar
• Williamson E M. Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines. Phytomedicine 2001; 8(5)401–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert B, Alves L F. Synergy in plant medicines. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10: 13–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh V, Kapoor N K, Dhawan B. Effect of picroliv on protein and mucleic acid synthesis. Ind J Exp Biol. 1992; 30: 68–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rastogi R, Srivastava A K, Rastogi A K. Long term effect of aflatoxin B(1) on lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney: effect of picroliv and silymarin. Phytother Res. 2001; 15(4)307–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floersheim G L, Bieri A, Koenig R, Pletscher A. Protection against Amanita phalloides by the iridoid glycoside mixture of Picrorhiza kurroa (kutkin). Agents Actions. 1990; 29(3/4)386–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shukla B, Visen P KS, Patnaik G K, Dhawan B N. Cholertic effect of picroliv, the hepatoprotective principle of Picrorhiza kurroa. Planta Medica. 1991; 57: 29–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinella M. The importance of pharmacological synergy in psychoactive herbal medicines. Alt Med Rev. 2002; 7(2)130–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner H. New approaches in phytopharmacological research. Pure Applied Chem. 1999; 71(9)1649–54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajapakese N, Silva E, Kortenkamp A. Combining xenoestrogens at levels below individual no-observed-effect concentrations dramatically enhances steroid action. Environ Health Prospect 2000; 110(9)917–21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler L K. Beyond recognition. PharmaGenomics. 2003; 3(9)26–30
   Google Scholar
• Ernst E. Herbal medicines put into context. BMJ. 2003; 327: 881–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills S, Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. Harcourt Press, London 2000
   Google Scholar
• Firn R D, Jones C G. The evolution of secondary metabolites-a unifying model. Mol Microbiol. 2000; 37(5)989–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L G, Mencher S K, McCarron J P, Ferrari A C. The biological basis for the use of an anti-androgen and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor in the treatment of recurrent prostate cancer: Case report and review. Oncol Rep. 2004; 11(6)1325–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampe J W. Spicing up a vegetarian diet: chemopreventive effects of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 78(suppl)579S–83S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kortenkamp A, Altenburger R. Synergisms with mixtures of xenoestrogens: A reevaluation using the method of isoboles. Sci Total Environment. 1998; 221: 59–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson E M. Synergy in relation to the pharmacological action of phytomedicinals. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, W C. Evans. W.B. Saunders, London 2002; 49–54
   Google Scholar
• Fischer S, Kabelitz D, Musielski H, Scheer R, Armin S. Synergism between lectins and vesicles of Viscum album L.-detection by biochemical and immunological Methods. J Herbal Pharmacotherap. 2002; 2(1)7–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson J, George E O, Poquette C A, Cheshire P J, Richmond L B, de Graaf S S, Wu H, Haig T, Pratley J, Lemerle D. An M. Biochemical basis for wheat seedling allelopathy on the suppression of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50(16)4567–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele C L, Crock J, Bohlmann J, Croteau R. Sesquiterpene synthase from grand fir (Abies randis). J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 2078–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wink M. Evolution of secondary metabolites from an ecological and phylogenetic perspective. Phytochem 2003; 64: 3–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poitrineau K, Brown S P, Hochberg M E. Defence against multiple enemies. J Evol Biol. 2003; 16(6)1319–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer L A, Dodson C D, Stireman J O, Tobler M A, Smilanich A M, Fincher R M, Letourneau D K. Synergic effects of three piper amides on generalist and specialist herbivores. J Chem Ecol. 2003; 29(11)2499–2514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler L K. What’s in a structure. PharmaGenomics. 2003; 3(5)20–21
   Google Scholar
• Mertens-Talcott S U, Talcott S T, Percival S S. Low concentrations of quercetin and ellagic acid synergistically influence proliferation, cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells. J Nutr. 2003; 133(8)2669–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeram N P, Adams L S, Hardy M L, Heber D. Total cranberry extract versus its phytochemical constituents: Antiproliferative and synergistic effects against human tumor cell lines. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(9)2512–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardar-Unlu G, Candan F, Sokmen A, Daferera D, Polissiou M, Sokmen M, Donmez E, Tepe B. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch. et Mey. Var. pectinatus (Lamiaceae). J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51(1)63–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edris A E, Farrag E S. Antifungal activity of peppermint and sweet basil essential oils and their major aroma constituents on some plant pathogenic fungi from the vapor phase. Nahrung. 2003; 47(2)117–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stermitz F R, Lorenz P, Tawara J N, Zenewicz L A, Lewis K. Synergy in a medicinal plant: Antimicrobial action of berberine potentiated by 5-methoxyhydnocarpin, a multidrug pump inhibitor. PNAS. 2000; 97(4)433–7
   Google Scholar
• Stermitz F R, Cashman K K, Halligan K M, Morel C, Tegos G P, Lewis K. Polyacylated neohesperidosides from Germanium caespitosum: Bacterial multidrug pump inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003; 13: 1915–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morel C, Stermitz F R, Tegos G, Lewis K. Isoflavones as potentiators of antibacterial activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51: 5677–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tegos G, Stermitz F R, Lomovskaya O, Lewis K. Multidrug pump inhibitors uncover remarkable activity of plant antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002; 46(10)3133–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayano S, Kikuzaki H, Fukutsuka N, Mitani T, Nakatani N. Antioxidant activity of prune (Prunus domestica L.) constituents and a new synergist. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50(13)3708–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trombino S, Serini S, Di Nicuolo F, Celleno L, Ando S, Picci N, Calviello G, Palozza P. Antioxidant effect of ferulic acid in isolated membranes and intact cells: Synergistic interactions with alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and ascorbic acid. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(8)2411–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhrman B., Volkova N., Rosenblat M., Aviram M. Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic. Antioxidants Redox Signaling 2000; 2(3)491–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaper S D, Fabris M, Ferari V, Carbonare M D, Leon A. Quercetin protects cutaneous tissue-associated cell types including sensory neurons from oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion: Cooperative effects of ascorbic asid ACID. Free Radic Bio Med. 1997; 22(4)669–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry N S, Houghton P J, Theobald A, Jenner P, Perry E K. In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000; 52(7)895–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton P J. Activity and constituents of sage relevant to the potential treatment of symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease. HerbalGram. 2004; 61: 38–53
   Google Scholar
• Wagner H, Jurcic K. Immunological studies of Revitonil, a phytopharmaceutical containing Echinacea purpurea and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. Phytomedicine. 2002; 9(5)390–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaranarayanan J, Jolly C I. Phytochemical, antibacterial and pharmacological investigations on Momordica charantia Linn., Emblica officinalis Gaertn., and Curcuma longa Linn. Indian J Pharmaceu Sci. 1993; 55(1)6–13
   Google Scholar
• Zuo F, Zhou Z M, Zhang Q, Mao D, Xiong Y L, Wang Y L, Yan M Z, Liu M L. Pharmacokinetic study on the multi-constituents of Huangqin-Tang decoction in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003; 26(7)911–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterweck V, Lieflander-Wulf U, Winterhoff H, Nahrstedt A. Plasma levels of hypericin in presence of procyanidin B2 and hyperoside: A pharmacokinetic study in rats. Planta Med 2003; 69(3)189–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar