An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Echinacea (E. angustifolia DC, E. pallida, E. purpurea) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

References

• Gilroy C M, Steiner J F, Byers T, et al. Echinacea and truth in labeling. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163(6)699–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor J A, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinaceain treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290(21)2824–2830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen H A, Varsano I, Kahan E, et al. Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158(3)217–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viehmann P. [Results of treatment with an Echinacea-based ointment]. Erfahrungsheilkunde 1978; 27(6)353–358
   Google Scholar
• Bockhorst H, Gollnick N, Guran S, et al. [Therapy of herpes simplex in practice. Report on the treatment of herpes simplex labialis with Esberitox]. ZFA (Stuttgart) 1982; 58(32)1795–1798
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• See D, Berman S, Justis J, et al. A phase I study on the safety of Echinacea angustifolia and its effect on viral load in HIV infected individuals. J Amer Nutr Assoc 1998; 1(1)14–17
   Google Scholar
• Hill N, van Haselen R A. Clinical trial of a homeopathic insect after-bite treatment. Hom Int R&D Newslet 1993; 3/4: 4–5
   Google Scholar
• Hill N, Stam C, Tuinder S, et al. A placebo controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in reducing mosquito bite induced erythema. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 49(1–2)103–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill N, Stam C, van Haselen R A. The efficacy of Prrrikweg gel in the treatment of insect bites: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pharm World Sci 1996; 18(1)35–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coeugniet E G, Elek E. Immunomodulation with Viscum album and Echinacea purpurea extracts. Onkologie 1987; 10(3 Suppl)27–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reichling J, Fitzi J, Furst-Jucker J, et al. Echinacea powder: treatment for canine chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2003; 145(5)223–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermans L M, Timmermans L G, Jr. [Determination of the activity of extracts of Echinaceae and Sabal in the treatment of idiopathic megabladder in women]. Acta Urol Belg 1990; 58(2)43–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baetgen D. Erfolge in der keuchhusten-behandlung mit Echinacin. Therapiewoche 1984; 34: 5115–5119
   Google Scholar
• Dorn M, Knick E, Lewith G. Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of Echinaceae pallidae radix in upper respiratory tract infections. Complement Ther Med 1997; 5: 40–42
   Google Scholar
• Bräunig B, Dorn M, Limburg E, et al. Enhancement of resistance in common cold by Echinacea purpurea radix. Zeitschrift fur Phytotherpie 1992; 13: 7–13
   Google Scholar
• Lindenmuth G F, Lindenmuth E B. The efficacy of echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med 2000; 6(4)327–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Immunallergische reaktionen nach echinacea-extrakten (Echinacin, Exberitox N U.A.). Arnzei-telegramm April, 1991; 39
   Google Scholar
• Heesen W. Unspezifische behandlungsmoglichkeiten bei tuberkulosen erkrankungen. Erfahrungsheikunde 1964; 13: 210–217
   Google Scholar
• Volz G. Zur keuchhustenbehandlung mit Myo-Echinacin. Ther Gegenwart 1957; 96: 312–313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmermann O. Die therapie des keuchhusten mit Myo-Echinacin. Hippokrates 1969; 6: 223–235
   Google Scholar
• Barrett B, Vohmann M, Calabrese C. Information on additional echinacea trials. J Fam Pract 1999; 48(12)1001–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertel G, Manley H, McQueen C, et al. Information on additional Echinacea trials. J Fam Pract 1999; 48(12)1001–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnham M J. Benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation. Phytomed 1996; 3: 95–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengs U, Clare C B, Poiley J A. Toxicity of Echinacea purpurea. Acute, sub-acute and genotoxicity studies. Arzneimittelforschung 1991; 41(10)1076–1081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins R J, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 88(1)42–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins R J. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 1998; 168(4)170–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins R. Allergic Reactions to Echinacea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105(1)s268–s269, part 2
   Google Scholar
• Bruynzeel D P, van Ketel W G, Young E, et al. Contact sensitization by alternative topical medicaments containing plant extracts. The Dutch Contact Dermatoses Group. Contact Dermatitis 1992; 27(4)278–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer R. [Echinacea drugs-effects and active ingredients]. Z Arztl Fortbild. (Jena) 1996; 90(2)111–115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schonhofer P S, Schulte-Sasse H. [Are botanical immunostimulants effective and harmless?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1989; 114(46)1804–1806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soon S L, Crawford R I. Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with Echinacea herbal therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44(2)298–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkeborn R M, Shah D V, Degenring F H. Echinaforce and other Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold: A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Phytomedicine 1999; 6(1)1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondrizek R R, Chan P J, Patton W C, et al. Inhibition of human sperm motility by specific herbs used in alternative medicine. J Assist Reprod Genet 1999; 16(2)87–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp D E, Franco K N. Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002; 15(5)417–419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: a prospective controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(20)3141–3143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo M, Koren W A, Koren G. The safety of Echinacea use during pregnancy: a prospective controlled cohort study. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Organization of Teratology. Teratology. 1998; 57: 283
   Google Scholar
• Coeugniet E, Kuhnast R. Rezidivierende candidiasis. Therapiewoche 1986; 36: 3352–3358
   Google Scholar
• Miller L G. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known orpotential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158(20)2200–2211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer R, Wagner H. Echinacea species as potential immunostimulatory drugs. Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, H Wagner, N R Farnsworth. Academic Press, New York 1991; 253–321
   Google Scholar
• Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immun 1984; 46(3)845–849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mose J R. [Effect of Echinacin on phagocytosis and natural killer cells]. Med Welt 1983; 34(51–52)1463–1467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger R A, Torres A R, Warren R P, et al. Echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages. Int J Immunopharmacol 1997; 19(7)371–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger R A, Torres A R, Warren R P, et al. Echinacea purpurea induced cytokine production in human peripheral blood adherent mononuclear cells (PBAC). J Allergy Clin Immun 1997; 99(1)283, part 2
   Google Scholar
• Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford G E, et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81(9)669–675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurcic K, Melchart D, Holzmann M. Two proband studies for the stimulation of granulocyte phagocytosis through echinacea extract containing preparations. Z Phytoterapie 1989; 10: 67–70
   Google Scholar
• Bany J, Siwicki A K, Zdanowska D, et al. Echinacea purpurea stimulates cellular immunity and anti-bacterial defence independently of the strain of mice. Pol J Vet Sci 2003; 6(3 Suppl)3–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• See D M, Broumand N, Sahl L, et al. In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997; 35(3)229–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodinet C, Willigmann I, Beuscher N. Host-resistance increasing activity of root extracts from Echinacea species. Planta Med 1993; 59(Suppl)a672–a673
   Google Scholar
• Tragni E, Tubaro A, Melis S, et al. Evidence from two classic irritation tests for an anti-inflammatory action of a natural extract, Echinacina B. Food Chem Toxicol 1985; 23(2)317–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubaro A, Tragni E, Del Negro P, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharidic fraction of Echinacea angustifolia. J Pharm Pharmacol 1987; 39(7)567–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunnerhoff F K, Schwabe H K. Studies in human beings and animals on the influence of echinacea extracts on the formation of connective tissue following the implantation of fibrin. Arzneim Forsch 1956; 6: 330–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman J, Dillow J M, Carter S M, et al. Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Immunol Lett 1999; 68(2–3)391–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmuller C, Roesler J, Grottrup E, et al. Polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Immunopharmacol 1993; 15(5)605–614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacker A, Hilbig W. [Virus-inhibition by echinacea purpurea (editor’s transl)]. Planta Med 1978; 33(1)89–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson K D. Antiviral activity of Viracea against acyclovir susceptible and acyclovir resistant strains of herpes simplex virus. Antiviral Res 1998; 39(1)55–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voaden D J, Jacobson M. Tumor inhibitors. 3. Identification and synthesis of an oncolytic hydrocarbon from American coneflower roots. J Med Chem 1972; 15(6)619–623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchart D, Linde K, Worku F, et al. Immunomodulation with echinacea-a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomed 1994; 1: 245–254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorn M. Milderung grippaler Infekte durch ein pflanzliches Immunstimulans [Treatment of influenza-like syndromes with a phytotherapeutic immunostimulatory preparation]. Natur-und-Ganzheitsmedizin 1990; 2: 314–319
   Google Scholar
• Bräunig B, Knick E. [Therapeutic experiences with Echinacea pallida in upper respiratory tract infections]. Naturheilpraxis 1993; 1: 72–75
   Google Scholar
• Vorberg G, Schneider B. Pflanzliches Immunstimulans verkürzt grippalen Infekt. Doppelblindstudie belegt die Steigerung der unspezifischen Infektabwehr [Phytotherapeutic immunostimulator decreases the duration of influenza-like syndromes. Double-blind trial proves the enhancement of unspecific immune defense]. Ärztliche Forschung 1989; 36: 3–8
   Google Scholar
• Reitz H D. Immunodulatoren mit pflanzlichen Wirkstoffen: eine wissenschaftliche Studie am Beispiel Esberitox N [Immunomodulation with phytotherapeutic agents: a scientific study on the example of Esberitox]. Notabene medici 1990; 20: 362–366
   Google Scholar
• Vorberg G. Bei Erkältung unspezifische Immunabwehr stimulieren. [Stimulation of the immune defense in common colds]. Ärztliche Praxis 1984; 36: 97–98
   Google Scholar
• Barrett B, Vohmann M, Calabrese C. Echinacea for upper respiratory tract infection. J Fam Pract 1999; 48(8)628–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkeborn R, Shah D, Geissbuhler S, et al. Echinaforce in the treatment of acute colds. Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study carried out in Sweden. Schweiz Zschr Ganzheits Medizin 1998; 10: 26–29
   Google Scholar
• Hoheisel O, Sandberg M, Bertram S, et al. Echinacea treatment shortens the course of the common cold: a double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. European J Clin Research 1997; 9: 261–269
   Google Scholar
• Giles J T, Palat C T, III, Chien S H, et al. Evaluation of echinacea for treatment of the common cold. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20(6)690–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchart D, Walther E, Linde K, et al. Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Arch Fam Med 1998; 7(6)541–545
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grimm W, Muller H H. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med 1999; 106(2)138–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchart D, Linde K, Fischer P, et al. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 2: CD000530
   Google Scholar
• Henneicke-von Zepelin H, Hentschel C, Schnitker J, et al. Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination phytomedicine in the treatment of the common cold (acute viral respiratory tract infection): results of a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, multicentre study. Curr Med Res Opin 1999; 15(3)214–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom E, Wollan T. A controlled clinical study of Kanjang mixture in the treatment of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infections. Phytother Research 1997; 11: 207–210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaglione F, Lund B. Efficacy inthe treatment of the common cold of a preparation containingan echinacea extract. International J Immunother 1995; 11(4)163–166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett B P, Brown R L, Locken K, et al. Treatment of the common cold with unrefined echinacea. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137(12)939–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millea P J. Echinacea for the common cold. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(7)601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shober S. Echinacea for the common cold. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(7)600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mittman P, Wollner D, Kim L. Echinacea for the common cold. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(7)600–601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russo E B. Echinacea for the common cold. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(7)599
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Applequist W L. Echinacea for the common cold. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(7)599–600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abrahams S G. Echinacea for the common cold. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(7)599
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt U, Albrecht M, Schenk N. Immunstimulas senkt Häufigkeit grippaler Infekte. Plazebokontrollierte Doppelblindstudie mit einem kombinierten Echinacea-Präparat mit 646 Studenten der Kölner Universität. [Immunstimulator decreases the frequency of influenza-like syndromes. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial on 646 students of the University of Cologne]. Natur- und Ganzheitsmedizin 1990; 3: 277–281
   Google Scholar
• Schoneberger D. [The influence of immune-stimulating effects of pressed juice from Echinacea purpurea on the course and severity of colds. Resultsof a double-blind study]. Forum Immunologie 1992; 8(18)2–12
   Google Scholar
• Forth H, Beuscher N. [Effect on the frequency of banal cold infections by esberitox]. ZFA (Stuttgart) 1981; 57(32)2272–2275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner R B, Riker D K, Gangemi J D. Ineffectivenessof echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44(6)1708–1709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyer H U. [Incidence of banal infections in childhood and possibilities of their prevention]. Fortschr Med 1974; 92(4)165–168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleinschmidt H. Versuche zur herabsetzung der infektneigung bei kleinkindern mit esberitox. Therapie ger Gegenwart 1965; 104: 1258–1262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helbig G. Unspezifische Reizkörpertherapie zur Infektprophylaxe. Medizinische Klinik 1961; 35: 1512–1514
   Google Scholar
• Berg A, Northoff H, Konig D, et al. Influence of Echinacin (EC31) treatment on exercise-induced immune response in athletes. J Clin Res 1998; 1: 367–380
   Google Scholar
• Bendel R, Bendel V, Renner K, et al. [Supplementary treatment with Esberitox of female patients undergoing curative adjuvant irradiation following breast cancer]. Strahlenther Onkol 1988; 164(5)278–283
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sartor K J. [Efficacy of Esberitox in the treatment of radiation-induced leukopenia]. Ther Ggw 1972; 111(8)1147–1150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohl P. [Treatment of radiation-induced leukopenia with Esberitox]. Ther Ggw 1970; 109(6)902–906
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bendel R, Bendel V, Renner K, et al. [Additional treatment with Esberitox N in patients with chemo- radiotherapy treatment of advanced breast cancer]. Onkologie 1989; 12: 32–38, Suppl 3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsasser-Beile U, Willenbacher W, Bartsch H H, et al. Cytokine production in leukocyte cultures during therapy with Echinacea extract. J Clin Lab Anal 1996; 10(6)441–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firenzuoli F, Gori L. Echinacea for treating colds in children. JAMA 2004; 291(11)1323–1324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim L, Wollner D, Anderson P, et al. Echinacea for treating colds in children. JAMA 2004; 291(11)1323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vonau B, Chard S, Mandalia S, et al. Does the extract of the plant Echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes?. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12(3)154–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar