Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

References

• Glare P A, Walsh T D. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 1991; 13: 1–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlstrom B, Bolme P, Feychting H, Noack G, Paalzow L. Morphine kinetics in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979; 26: 354–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawe J, Dahlstrom B, Paalzow L, Rane A. Morphine kinetics in cancer patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 629–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawe J, Svensson J O, Rane A. Morphine metabolism in cancer patients on increasing oral dosesno evidence for autoinduction or dose-dependence. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16: 85–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne R, Joel S, Trew D, Sleven M. Morphine and metabolite behavior after different routes of administration: demonstration of the importance of the active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 47: 12–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawe J. High dose morphine and methadone in cancer patients. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations or oral treatment. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986; 11: 87–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuay H J, Carrol l D, Faura C C, Gavaghan D J, Hand C W, Moore R A. Oral morphine in cancer pain: influences on morphine and metabolite concentration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48: 236–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanski D R, Greenblatt D J, Lowenstein E. Kinetics of intravenous and intramuscular morphine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 52–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunk F, Delle M. Morphine metabolism in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1974; 16: 51–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann C S, Eason J R, Rambohul E, Hanson G C. Serum morphine levels. A comparison between continuous subcutaneous infusion and continuous intravenous infusion in postoperative patients. Anaesthesia 1984; 39: 768–771
   Google Scholar
• Laitinen L, Kanto J, Vapaavuori M, Viljanen M. Morphine concentrations in plasma after intramuscular administration. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47: 1265–1267
   Google Scholar
• Stuart-Harris R, Joel S P, McDonald P, Currow D, Slevin M L. The pharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine glucuronide metabolites after subcutaneous bolus injection and subcutaneous infusion of morphine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49: 207–214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikkelsen Lynch P, Butler J, Huerta D, Tsals I, Davidson D, Hamm S. A pharmacokinetic and tolerability evaluation of two continuous subcutaneous infusion systems compared to an oral controlled-release morphine. J Pain Symptom Manage 1991; 6: 431–436
   Google Scholar
• Vermeire A, Remon J P, Rosseel M T, Belpaire F, Devulder J, Bogaert M G. Variability of morphine disposition during long-term subcutaneous infusion in terminally ill cancer patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol Jan, 1998; 53(5)325–30
   Google Scholar
• Shvartzman P, Bonneh D. Local skin irritation in the course of subcutaneous morphine infusion: a challenge. J Palliat Care 1994; 10: 44–45
   Google Scholar
• Cousins M, Mather L. Intrathecal and epidural administration of opioids. Anesthesiology 1984; 61: 276–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Facts and Comparisons. Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis 2002
   Google Scholar
• McQuay H, Sullivan A, Smallman K, Dickenson A. Intrathecal opioids, potency and lipophilicity. Pain 1989; 36: 111–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey P, Rhondeau S, Schafer P, et al. Dose-response pharmacology of intrathecal morphine in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 1993; 49–59
   Google Scholar
• Bailey P, Lu J, Pace N, et al. Effects of intrathecal morphine on the ventilatory response to hypoxia. N Eng J Med 2000; 343: 1228–1234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskin P J, Hanks G W, Aherne G W, Chapman D, Littleton P, Filshie J. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of morphine after intravenous, oral, and buccal administration in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 27: 499–505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourlay G K, Cherry D A, Cousins M J. A comparative study of the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral methadone and morphine in the treatment of severe pain in patients with cancer. Pain 1986; 25: 297–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourlay G K, Plummer J L, Cherry D A. Chronopharmacokinetic variability in plasma morphine concentrations following oral doses of morphine solution. Pain 1995; 61: 375–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanks G W, Hoskin P J, Aherne G W, Turner P, Poulain P. Explanation for potency of repeated oral doses of morphine?. Lancet 1987; 26(2)723–725, (8561)
   Google Scholar
• Hanks G W. Morphine pharmacokinetics and analgesia after oral administration. Postgrad Med J 1991; 67(Suppl 2)S60–63
   Google Scholar
• Lotsch J, Weiss M, Ahne G, Kobal G, Geisslinger G. Pharmacokinetic modeling of M6G formation after oral administration of morphine in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 1026–1038
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khojasteh A, Evans W, Reynolds R D, Thomas G, Savarese J J. Controlled-release oral morphine sulfate in the treatment of cancer pain with pharmacokinetic correlation. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 956–961
   Google Scholar
• Savarese J J, Goldenheim P D, Thomas G B, Kaiko R F. Steady state pharmacokinetics of controlled release oral morphine sulfate in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmcokinet 1986; 11: 505–510
   Google Scholar
• Vater M, Smith G, Aherne G W, Aitkenhead A R. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of slow-release oral morphine sulphate in volunteers. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 821–827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourlay G K, Plummer J L, Cherry D A, Purser T. The reproducibility of bioavailability of oral morphine from solution under fed and fasted conditions. J Pain Symptom Manage Oct, 1991; 6(7)431–436
   Google Scholar
• Gourlay G K, Plummer J L, Cherry D A, Foate J A, Cousins M J. Influence of a high-fat meal on the absorption of morphine from oral solutions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 46: 463–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiko R F, Lazarus H, Cronin C, Grandy R, Thomas G, Goldenheim P. Controlled-release morphine bioavailability (MS Contin tablets) in the presence and absence of food. Hosp J 1990; 6: 17–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coluzzi P H. Sublingual morphine: efficacy reviewed. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 16: 184–192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis T, Miser A W, Loprinzi C L, et al. Comparative morphine pharmacokinetics following sublingual, intramuscular, and oral administration in patients with cancer. Hosp J 1993; 9: 85–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher A P, Vine P, Whitlock J, Hanna M. Buccal morphine premedication. A double-blind comparison with intramuscular morphine. Anaesthesia 1986; 41: 1104–1111
   Google Scholar
• Bell M D, Murray G R, Mishra P, Calvey T N, Weldon B D, Williams N E. Buccal morphine-a new route for analgesia?. Lancet 1985; 1: 71–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerling D, Lindahl S, Andersson K E, Andersson A. Absorption and bioavailability of rectally administered morphine in women. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 23: 59–64
   Google Scholar
• Du X, Skopp G, Aderjan R. The influence of the route of administration: a comparative study at steady state of oral sustained release morphine and morphine sulfate suppositories. Ther Drug Monit 1999; 21: 208–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson T, Christensen C B, Jordening H, Frolund C. The bioavailability of rectally administered morphine. Pharmacol Toxicol 1988; 62: 203–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellison N M, Lewis G O. Plasma concentrations following single doses of morphine sulfate in oral solution and rectal suppository. Clin Pharm 1984; 3: 614–617
   Google Scholar
• Babul N, Darke A C, Anslow J A, Krishnamurthy T N. Pharmacokinetics of two novel rectal controlled-release morphine formulations. J Pain Symptom Manage Oct, 1991; 6(7)431–436
   Google Scholar
• Moolenar F, Leuverman A, Schoonen B JM. Bioavailability of morphine from suppositories. Int J Pharm 1988; 45: 161–164
   Google Scholar
• Lipman A G. Drug therapy in terminally ill patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1975; 32: 270–276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipman A G, Anderson B D. Bioavailability of morphine from rectal suppositories. Am J Hosp Pharm 1984; 41: 636
   Google Scholar
• Dahlstrom B, Tamsen A, Paalzow L, Hartvig P. Patient-controlled analgesic therapy, Part IV: pharmacokinetics and analgesic plasma concentrations of morphine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1982; 7: 266–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen J A, Sitar D S, Berger L, Brownell L, Duke P C, Mitenko P A. Age-related morphine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 34: 364–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen G D. Morphine binding to human plasma proteins. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975; 17: 31–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector S, Vesell E S. Disposition of morphine in man. Science 1971; 174: 421–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh S Y, Gorodetzky C W, Krebs H A. Isolation and identification of morphine 3-and 6-glucuronides, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine, and normorphine 6-glucuronide as morphine metabolites in humans. J Pharm Sci 1977; 66: 1288–1293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawe J, Kager L, Svensson J O, Rane A. Oral morphine in cancer patients: in vivo kinetics and in vitro hepatic glucuronidation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 19: 495–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff T, Samuelsson H, Hedner T. Morphine and morphine metabolite concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in cancer pain patients after slow-release oral morphine administration. Pain 1995; 62: 147–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith M T, Watt J A, Cramond T. Morphine-3-glucuronide-a potent antagonist of morphine analgesia. Life Sci 1990; 47: 579–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Q L, Hedner J, Bjorkman R, Hedner T. Morphine-3-glucuronide may functionally antagonize morphine-6-glucuronide induced antinociception and ventilatory depression in the rat. Pain 1992; 48: 249–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faura C C, Collins S L, Moore R A, McQuay H J. Systematic review of factors affecting the ratios of morphine and its major metabolites. Pain 1998; 74: 43–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christrup L L. Morphine metabolites. Acta Anasthesiol Scand 1997; 41: 116–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith M T. Neuroexcitatory effects of morphine and hydromorphone: evidence implicating the 3-glucuronide metabolites. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000; 27: 524–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan A F, McQuay H J, Bailey D, Dickenson A H. The spinal antinociceptive actions of morphine metabolites morphine-6-glucuronide and normorphine in the rat. Brain Res 1989; 482: 219–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z R, Irvine R J, Somogyi A A, Bochner F. Mu receptor binding of some commonly used opioids and their metabolites. Life Sci 1991; 48: 2165–2171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura K, Kamata O, Ueki S, Ida S, Oguri K. Analgesic effect of morphine glucuronides. Tohoku J Exp Med 1971; 105: 45–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotsch J, Stockmann A, Kobal G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its glucuronides after intravenous infusion of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60: 316–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peat S J, Hanna M H, Woodham M, Knibb A A, Ponte J. Morphine-6-glucuronide: effects on ventilation in normal volunteers. Pain 1991; 45: 101–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawe J, Odar-Cederlof I. Kinetics of morphine in patients with renal failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 32: 377–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawe J, Svensson J O, Odar-Cederlof I. Kinetics of morphine in patients with renal failure. Lancet 1985; 2: 211, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Salter W, White M L. Morphine sensitivity. Anesthesiology 1949; 10: 553–561
   Google Scholar
• Baillie S P, Bateman D N, Coates P E, Woodhouse K W. Age and the pharmacokinetics of morphine. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 258–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kart T, Christrup L L, Rasmussen M. Recommended use of morphine in neonates, infants and children based on a literature review: Part 1-Pharmacokinetics. Paediatr Anaesth 1997; 7(1)5–11, 1997, 7, 5–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lynn A M, Nespeca M K, Bratton S L, Shen D D. Intravenous morphine in postoperative infants: intermittent bolus dosing versus targeted continuous infusions. Pain 2000; 88: 89–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahata M C, Miser A W, Miser J S, Reuning R H. Variation in morphine pharmacokinetics in children with cancer. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1985; 8: 182–188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kart T, Christrup L L, Rasmussen M. Recommended use of morphine in neonates, infants and children based on a literature review: Part 2-Clinical use. Paediatr Anaesth 1997; 7: 93–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Don H F, Dieppa R A, Taylor P. Narcotic analgesics in anuric patients. Anesthesiology 1975; 42: 745–747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitkenhead A R, Vater M, Achola K, Cooper C M, Smith G. Pharmacokinetics of single-dose i.v. morphine in normal volunteers and patients with end-stage renal failure. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 813–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolner D F, Winter D, Frendin T J, Begg E J, Lynn K L, Wright G J. Renal failure does not impair the metabolism of morphine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 22: 55–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne R J, Joel S P, Slevin M L. Morphine intoxication in renal failure: the role of morphine-6-glucuronide. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292: 1548–1549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasselstrom J, Eriksson S, Persson A, Rane A, Svensson J O, Sawe J. The metabolism and bioavailability of morphine in patients with severe liver cirrhosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29: 289–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazoit J X, Sandouk P, Zetlaoui P, Scherrmann J M. Pharmacokinetics of unchanged morphine in normal and cirrhotic subjects. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 293–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkenstadt H, Segal E, Mayan H, et al. The pharmacokinetics of morphine and lidocaine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 110–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manara A R, Shelly M P, Quinn K, Park G R. The effect of metoclopramide on the absorption of oral controlled release morphine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 25: 518–521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm M F, Eckhardt K, Li S, et al. Loss of analgesic effect of morphine due to coadministration of rifampin. Pain Aug, 1997; 72(1–2)261–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aasmundstad T, Storset P. Influence of ranitidine on the morphine-3-glucuronide to morphine-6-glucuronide ratio after oral administration of morphine in humans. Human Exp Toxicol 1998; 17: 347–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kest B, Sarton E, Dahan A. Gender differences in opioid-mediated analgesia: animal and human studies. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 539–547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DRUGDEX Editorial Staff. Narcotic Analgesics-Equianalgesic Doses and Pharmacokinetic Comparison: Micromedex. 2002
   Google Scholar