Increased carotid intima-media thickness in men born in east Finland: a twin study of the effects of birthplace and migration to Sweden on subclinical atherosclerosis

References

• Pyörälä K, Salonen JT, Valkonen T. Trends in coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity and related factors in Finland. Cardiology 1985; 72: 35–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mähönen M, Tolonen H, Ruokokoski E, Amouyel P. Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA project populations. Monitoring trends and determinants in cardio-vascular disease. Lancet 1999; 353: 1547–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartiainen E, Jousilahti P, Alfthan G, Sundvall J, Pietinen P, Puska P. Cardiovascular risk factor changes in Finland, 1972-1997. Int J Epidemiol 2000; 29: 49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuulasmaa K, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Dobson A, Fortmaim S, Sans S, Tolonen H et al. Estimation of contribution of changes in classic risk factors to trends in coronary-event rates across the WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 2000; 355: 675–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomaa V, Miettinen H, Kuulasmaa K, Niemelä M, Keto-nen M, Vuorenmaa T et al. Decline of coronary heart disease mortality in Finland during 1983 to 1992: roles of incidence, recurrence, and case-fatality. The FINMONICA MI Register Study. Circulation 1996; 94: 3130–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J, Pekkanen J, Puska P. Role of known risk factors in explaining the difference in the risk of coronary heart disease between eastern and south-western Finland. Ann Med 1998; 30: 481–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norio R. Diseases in Finland and Scandinavia. In: Rotschild H, ed. Bio cultural aspects of the disease. New York, Academic Press; 1981: 1–359.
   Google Scholar
• Kitties RA, Perola M, Peltonen L, Bergen AW, Aragon RA, Virklcunen M et al. Dual origins of Finns revealed by Y chromosome haplotype variation. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62: 1171–9.
   Google Scholar
• Pesonen E, Norio R, Sarna S. Thickenings in the coronary arteries in infancy as an indication of genetic factors in coronary heart disease. Circulation 1975; 51: 218–25.
   Google Scholar
• Pesonen E, Norio R, Hirvonen J, Kärkölä K, Kuusela V, Laaksonen H et al. Intimal thickening in the coronary arteries of infants and children as an indicator of risk factors for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 1990; 11 Suppl E: 53–60.
   Google Scholar
• Nodcola V, Punsar S, Karvonen MJ, Haapakoski J. Socio-economic conditions in childhood and mortality and morbid-ity caused by coronary heart disease in adulthood in rural Finland. Soc Sci Med 1985; 21: 517–23.
   Google Scholar
• Sans S, Kesteloot H, Kromhout D. The burden of cardio-vascular diseases mortality in Europe. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology on Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity Statistics in Europe. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1231–1248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfredsson L, Ahlbom A, Theorell T. Incidence of myocar-dial infarction among male Finnish immigrants in relation to length of stay in Sweden. Int J Epidemiol 1982; 11: 225–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammar N, Kaprio J, Haggstr6m U, Alfredsson L, Kos-kenvuo M, Hammar T. Migration and mortality - a 20-year follow-up of Finnish twin pairs with migrant co-twins in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Kaprio J, Sarna S, Koskenvuo M, Rantasalo L The Finnish Twin Registry: formation and compilation, questionnaire study, zygosity determination procedures, and research pro-gram. Prog Clin Biol Res 1978; 24 Pt B: 179–84.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998; 97: 1837–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostner GM. Letter: Enzymatic determination of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein fractions prepared by polyanion precipitation. Clin Chem 1976; 22: 695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celennajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller 01, Sullivan ID et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 340: 1111–5.
   Google Scholar
• järvisalo MJ, Jartti L, Toikka JO, Hartiala JJ, Rönnemaa T, Raitakari OT. Non-invasive assessment of brachial artery endothelial function with digital ultrasound and 13-MHz scanning frequency: feasibility of measuring the true inner luminal diameter using the intima-lumen interface. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26: 1257–60.
   Google Scholar
• Sörensen KE, Celermajer DS, Spiegelhalter DJ, Georgalco-poulos D, Robinson J, Thomas 0 et at. Non-invasive measurement of human endothelium dependent arterial responses: accuracy and reproducibility. Br Heart J 1995; 74: 247–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toikka JO, Laine H, Ahotupa M, Haapanen A, Viikari JS, Hartiala JJ et al. Increased arterial intima-media thickness and in vivo LDL oxidaticn in young men with borderline hypertension. Hypertension 2000; 36: 929–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toikka JO, Niemi P, Ahotupa M, Niinikoski H, Viilcari JS, Rönnemaa T et al. Large-artery elastic properties in young men: relationships to serum lipoproteins and oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 436–41.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen-Urstad K, Rosfors S. A methodological study of arterial wall function using ultrasound technique. Clin Physiol 1997; 17: 557–67.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen F, Bergqvist D, Mange!! P, Ryden A, Sonesson B, Lanne T. Non-invasive measurement of pulsatile vessel diameter change and elastic properties in human arteries: a methodological study. Clin Physiol 1993; 13: 631–43.
   Google Scholar
• Arstila M, Impivaara 0, Mäki J. New ergometric reference values for clinical exercise tests. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1990; 50: 747–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong WF, Pellikka PA, Ryan T, Crouse L, Zoghbi WA. Stress echocardiography: recommendations for perfor-mance and interpretation of stress echocardiography. Stress Echocardiography Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardi-ography. J Am Soc Echo cardiogr 1998; 11: 97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. Biometry, 2nd ed., Freeman WH, New York, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 1986; 42: 121–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson TL, Kato H, Gordon T, Kagan A, Rhoads GG, Land CE et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Coronary heart disease risk factors in Japan and Hawaii. Am J Cardiol 1977; 39: 244–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskinen S. Origins of regional differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Finland. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Research Reports 41.204 s. Helsinki 1994.
   Google Scholar
• DeFaire U, Arvidsson A Bolander AM . Mortality from ischaemic heart disease among Finnish immigrants in Sweden. Nordic Council Arct Med Res Report 1977; No. 19: 29–31.
   Google Scholar
• Raitakari OT, Celermajer DS. Testing for endothelial dysfunction. Ann Med 2000; 32: 293–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesonen E, Viikari J, iikerblom HK, Räsänen L, Louhivuori K, Sarna S. Geographic origin of the family as a determinant of serum levels of lipids in Finnish children. Circulation 1986; 73: 1119–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJP, Forsen T, Uutela A, Osmond C, Eriksson JG. Size at birth and resilience to effects of poor living conditions in adult life: longitudinal study. BMJ 2001; 323: 1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, Osmond G, Barker DJP. Early growth and coronary heart disease in later life: longitudinal study. BMJ 2001; 322: 949–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsen T, Eriksson J, Qiao Q, Tervahauta M, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J. Short stature and coronary heart disease: a 35-year follow-up of the Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. J Intern Med 2000; 248: 326–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar