- Schou M. The range of non-psychiatric uses of lithium. In: Johnson FN, ed. Handbook of lithium therapy. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, 1980:73-9.
- Goodwin FK, Jamison KR, eds. Manic-depressive illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
- McElroy SL, Keck PE, Pope HG, Harrison JI. Valproate in psychiatric disorders: literature review and clinical guidelines. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50(suppl 3):23-9.
- Chamey DS, Berman RM, Miller HL. Treatment of depression. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1998:705-31.
- Davis LL, Ryan W, Adinoff B, Petty F. Comprehensive review of the psychiatric uses of valproate. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20(suppl 1):1S-17S.
- Ghaemi SN, Gaughan S. Novel anticonvulsants: a new generation of mood stabilizers? Harv Rev Psychiatry 2000;8:1-7.
- Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J, Viguera AC. Is lithium still worth using? An update of selected recent research. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2002; 10:59-75.
- Post RM, Uhde TW, Roy-Byme PP, Joffe RT. Antidepressant effects of carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:29-34.
- Davis LL, Kabel D, Patel D, Choate AD, Foslien-Nash C, Gurguis NM, et al. Valproate as an antidepressant in major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996;32:647-62.
- Lambert PA. Acute and prophylactic therapies of patients with affective disorders using valpromide (dipropylacetamide). In: Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA, eds. Anticonvulsants in affective disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1984:33-44.
- Deltito JA, Levitan J, Damore K, Hajal F, Fambenedetti M. Naturalistic experience with the use of divalproex sodium on an inpatient unit for adolescent psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998;97:236-40.
- Pies R, Adler DA, Ehrenberg BL. Sleep disorders and depression with atypical features: response to valproate. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;9:352-7.
- Kemp LI. Sodium valproate as an antidepressant. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:121-3.
- Kusumaker V, Yatham LN. An open study of lamotrigine in refractory bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 1997;72: 145-8.
- Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, McElroy SL, Cookson K, Anderson J, Keck PE, et al. Spectrum of activity of lamotrigine in treatment-refractory bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1019-23.
- Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Ascher JA, Monaghan E, Rudd GD. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:79-88.
- Frye MA, Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, Dunn RT, Speer AM, Osuch EA, et al. A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:607-13.
- Suppes T, Brown ES, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Nolen W, Kupka R, et al. Lamotrigine for the treatment of bipolar disorder: a clinical case series. J Affect Disord 1999;53:95-8.
- Hoopes S. Lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar depression and other affective disorders: clinical experience in 218 patients [Abstract]. Bipolar Disord 1999;l(suppl):35.
- Yatham LN, Kusumakar V, Calabrese JR, Rao R, Scarrow G, Kroeker G. Third generation anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder: a review of efficacy and summary of clinical recommendations. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:275-83.
- Young LT, Robb JC, Patellis-Siotis I, MacDonald C, Joffe RT. Acute treatment of bipolar depression with gabapentin. Biol Psychiatry 1997;42:851-3.
- Rocha F, Kara C. Lamotrigine augmentation in unipolar depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:97-9.
- Ghaemi SN, Katzow JJ, Desai SP, Goodwill FK. Gabapentin treatment of mood disorders: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:426-9.
- Ghaemi SN, Goodwill FK. Gabapentin treatment of the nonrefractory bipolar spectrum: an open case series. J Affect Disord 2001;65:167-71.
- Obrocea GV, Dunn RM, Frye MA, Ketter TA, Luckenbrough DA, Levencj GS, et al. Clinical predictors of response to lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2002;51:253-60.
- Fawcett JA. Lithium combinations in acute and maintenance treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(suppl 5):32-7.
- Rouillon F, Gorwood P. The use of lithium to augment antidepressant medication. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59(suppl 5):32-9.
- Dietrich DE, Emrich HM. The use of anticonvulsants to augment antidepressant medication. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(suppl 5):51-8.
- Rybakowski JK, Susalska S, Chlopoca-Wozniak M. Potentiation of antidepressants with lithium or carbamazepine in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychobiology 1999;40: 134-9.
- Kusumaker V, Yatham LN. Lamotrigine treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1171-2.
- Norman C, Hummer B, Schärer LO, Hörn M, Waiden J. Lamotrigine as adjunct to paroxetine in acute depression: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:337-44.
- Barbee JG, and Jamhour NJ. Lamotrigine as an augmentation agent in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:737-41.
- Maltese TM. Adjunctive lamotrigine treatment for major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1833.
- Hurley SC. Lamotrigine update and its use in mood disorders. Ann Pharmother 2002;36:860-73.
- Barbosa L, Berk M, Vorster M. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation with lamotrigine or placebo in patients concomitantly treated with fluoxetine for resistant major depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:403-7.
- Dave M. Antidepressant augmentation with valproate. Depression 1995;3:157-8.
- Corrigan FM. Sodium valproate augmentation of fluoxetine or fluvoxamine effects. Biol Psychiatry 1992;31:1178-9.
- Chengappa KNR, Gershon S, Levine J. The evolving role of topiramate among other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2001;3:215-32.
- Janicak PG, Davis JM, Preskom SH, Ayd FJ Jr. Principles and practice of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1993.
- Lenox RH, Manji HK. Lithium. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1998:379-429.
- Shopsin B, Kim SS, Gershon S. A controlled study of lithium vs. chlorpromazine in acute schizophrenics. Br J Psychiatry 1971;119:435-40.
- Biederman J, Lerner Y, Belmaker RH. Combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in schizo-affective disorder. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:327-33.
- Chong S-A, Lee E-L, Liow P-H. Augmentation of risperidone with valproic acid [Letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59: 430.
- Okuma T, Yanashita I, Takahashi R, Itoh H, Otsuki S, Watanabe S, et al. A double-blind study of adjunctive carbamazepine versus placebo on excited states of schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989;80: 250-9.
- Leucht S, McGrath J, White P, Kissling W. Carbamazepine for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;3:CD001258.
- Wirshing DA. [Review of] Leucht S, McGrath J, White P, Kissling W. Carbamazepine augmentation for schizophrenia: how good is the evidence? [J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63: 218-24]. J Psychotic Disorders: Reviews & Commentaries 2002;5(1):5.
- Linnoila M, Viukari M, Hietala O. Effect of sodium valproate on tardive dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry 1976;129:114-9.
- Gundurewa VM, Beckmann H, Zimmer R, Ruther E. Effect of valproic acid on schizophrenic syndromes. Drug Res 1980;30:1212-3.
- Nagao R, Ohshimo T, Mitsunobu K, Sato M, Otsuki S. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and cyclic nucleotides in chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia or drug-induced tremor. Biol Psychiatry 1979; 14:509-73.
- Afaq L, Riaz K, Sedky K, Chung DJ, Vanina Y, el-Mallakh R, et al. Divalproex as a calmative adjunct for aggressive schizophrenia patients. J Ky Med Assoc 2002; 100: 17-22.
- Wassef A, Watson DJ, Morrison P, Bryant S, Flack K Neuroleptic-valproic acid combination in treatment of psychotic symptoms: a three-case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;9:45-7.
- Kando JC, Toben M, Castillo J, Centorrino F. Concurrent use of clozapine and valproate in affective and psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:255-7.
- Kausen J, Zimmermann P, Funfgeld EW, Klenke D, Henkel H. Effect of a GABA-mimetic drug (sodium valproate) on visually evoked potentials in chronic schizophrenics. Neuropsychobiology 1984;11:59-64.
- Wassef AA, Hafiz NG, Hampton D, Molloy M. Divalproex sodium augmentation of haloperidol in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia: clinical and economic implications. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:21-6.
- Wassef AA, Dott SG, Harris A, Brown A, O'Boyle M, Meyer WJ, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:357-61.
- Lautin A, Angrist B, Stanley M, Gershon S, Heckl K, Karobath M. Sodium valproate in schizophrenia: some biochemical correlates. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 137:240-4.
- Ko G, Korpi E, Freed W, Zalcman SJ, Bigelow LB. Effects of valproic acid on behavior and plasma amino acid concentrations in chronic schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1985;200:199-228.
- McElroy SL, Pope HK, Keck PE, Hudson JI. Treatment of psychiatric disorders with valproate: a series of 73 cases. PsychiatrPsychobiol 1988;3:81-6.
- Fisk GG, York SM. The effect of sodium valproate on tardive dyskinesia revisited. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150:542-6.
- Anand A, Chamey DS, Oren DA, Berman RM, Hu XS, Cappiello A, et al. Attenuation of the neuropsychiatrie effects of ketamine with lamotrigine: support for hyperglutamatergic of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:270-6.
- Saba G, Dumortier G, Kalalou K, Degrassat K, Glikman J, Januel D. Lamotrigine-clozapine combination in refractory schizophrenia: three cases. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002;14:86.
- Rossen M, Selten JP, Kahn RS. Elevated clozapine plasma level with lamotrigine [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158: 1930.
- Dursun SM, Deakin JF. Augmenting antipsychotic treatment with lamotrigine or topiramate in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a naturalistic case-series outcome study. J Psychopharmacol 2001; 15:297-301.
- Dursun SM, Mclntosh D, Milliken H. Clozapine plus lamotrigine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia [Letter]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:950.
- Dursun SM, Devarajan S. When treating patients with schizophrenia, what clinical points should be considered if lamotrigine is chosen to augment clozapine? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001;26:168.
- Sharma RP, Martis B, Davis JM, Omens R, Janicak PG. Tiagabine, a specific gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 inhibitor, in the treatment of psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:347-9.
- Millson RC, Owen JA, Lorberg GW, Tackaberry L. Topiramate for refractory schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 675.
- Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Zito JM, Lehman A. Relationship of the use of adjunctive pharmacological agents to symptoms and level of function in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1035-43.
- Citrome L, Levine J, Allingham B. Utilization of valproate: extent of inpatient use in the New York State Office of Mental Health. Psychiatr Q 1998;69:283-300.
- Hori H, Terao T, Shiraishi Y, Nakamura J. Treatment of Charles Bonnet syndrome with valproate. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;15:117-9.
- Paulig M, Mentrup H. Charles Bonnet's syndrome: complete of complex visual hallucinations treated by gabapentin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:813-4.
- Chen C-S, Lin S-F, Chong M-Y. Charles Bonnet syndrome and multiple sclerosis [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158: 1158-9.
- Sheard MH, Marini JL, Bridges CI, Wagner E. The effects of lithium in impulsive aggressive behavior in man. Am J Psychiatry 1976;133:1409-13.
- Yudofsky SC, Silver JM, Hales RE. Treatment of agitation and depression. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1998: 881-900.
- Giakas WJ, Seibyl JP, Mazure CM. Valproate in the treatment of temper outbursts [Letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:525.
- Mattes JA. Valproic acid for nonaffective aggression in the mentally retarded. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 18:601-2.
- Lindenmayer JP, Kotsaftis A. Use of sodium valproate in violent and aggressive behaviors: a critical review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:123-8.
- Schatzberg AF. Phenomenology and treatment of agitation. J CUn Psychiatry Monogr 1999;17:12-4.
- Velikonja M, Heinrich K. Effect of oxcarbazepine (CG 47.680) on affective and schizoaffective symptoms: a preliminary report. In: Emrich HM, Okuma T, Müller AA, eds. Anticonvulsants in affective disorders. New York: Elsevier Science, 1984:208-10.
- Dale PG. Lithium therapy in aggressive mentally subnormal patients. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 137:469-74.
- Luchins DJ, Dojka D. Lithium and propranolol in aggression and self-injurious behavior in the mentally retarded. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989;26:372-5.
- Donovan SJ, Stewart JW, Nunes EV, Quitkin FM, Parides M, Daniel W, et al. Divalproex treatment for youth with explosive temper and mood lability: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:818-20.
- Sovner R. The use of valproate in the treatment of mentally retarded persons with typical and atypical bipolar disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50:40-3.
- Kastner R, Finesmith R, Walch K. Long-term administration of valproic acid in the treatment of affective symptoms in people with mental retardation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13:448-61.
- Ruedrich S, Swales TP, Fossaceca C, Toliver J, Rutkowski A. Effect of divalproex sodium on aggression and self-injurious behavior in adults with intellectual disability: a retrospective review. J Intell Disabil Res 1999;43:105-11.
- Mazure CM, Druse BG, Cellar JS. Valproate treatment of older psychotic patients with organic mental syndromes and behavioral dyscontrol. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:914-6.
- DeLong R. Children with autistic spectrum disorder and a family history of affective disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:674-87.
- Dulcan MK, Bregman J, Weller EB, and Weller R. Treatment of childhood and adolescent disorders. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1998:803-60.
- Hollander E, Dolgoff-Kaspar R, Cartwright C, Rawitt R, Novotny S. An open trial of divalproex sodium in autism spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:530-4.
- Duggal HS, Dutta S, Sinha VK. Mood stabilizers in Aspergeas syndrome. Aust NZJ Psychiatry 2001;36:390.
- Belsito KM, Law PA, Kirk KS, Landa RJ, Zimmerman AW. Lamotrigine therapy for autistic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, plabebo-controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disorder 2001;31:175-81.
- Holton A, George K. The use of lithium in severely demented patients with behavioral disturbance. Br J Psychiatry 1986;146:99-100.
- Marin DB, Greenwald BS. Carbamazepine for aggressive agitation in demented patients [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:806.
- Gleason RP, Schneider LS. Carbamazepine treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's outpatients refractory to neuroleptics. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:115-8.
- Tariot PN, Erb R, Leibovici A, Podgorski CA, Cox C, Asnis J, et al. Carbamazepine treatment of agitation in nursing home patients with dementia: a preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:1160-6.
- Tariot PN, Erb R, Podgorski CA, Cox C, Patel S, Jakimovich L, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Carbamazepine for agitation and aggression in dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 54-61.
- Olin JT, Fox LA, Pawluczyk S, Taggart NA, Schneider LS. A pilot randomized trial of carbamazepine for behavioral symptoms in treatment-resistant outpatients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;9:4000-5.
- Jeste DV, Eastham JH, Lohr JB, Salzman C. Treatment of disordered behavior and psychosis. In: Salzman C, ed. Clinical geriatric psychopharmacology. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1998:106-49.
- Lott AD, McElroy SL, Keys MA. Valproate in the treatment of behavioral agitation in elderly patients with dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7:314-19.
- Herrmann N. Valproic acid treatment of agitation in dementia. Can J Psychiatry 1998;43:69-72.
- Kunik ME, Puryear L, Orengo CA, Molinari V, Workman RH. The efficacy and tolerability of divalproex sodium in elderly demented patients with behavioral disturbances. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998;13:29-34.
- Mellow AM, Carlos Solano-Lopez, Davis S. Sodium valproate in the treatment of behavioral disturbance in dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1993;6:205-9.
- Haas S, Vincent K, Holt J, Lippman S. Divalproex: a possible treatment alternative for demented, elderly, aggressive patients. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997;9:145-7.
- Porsteinsson AP, Tariot PN, Erb R, Gaile S. An open trial of valproate for agitation in geriatric neuropsychiatrie disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997;5:344-61.
- Narayan M, Nelson JC. Treatment of dementia with behavioral disturbance using divalproex or a combination of divalproex and a neuroleptic. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:351-4.
- Home M, Lindley SE. Divalproex sodium in the treatment of aggressive behavior and dysphoria in patients with organic brain syndromes. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:430-1.
- Sival RC, Haflmans PM, Jansen PA, Duursma SA, Eikelenbloom P. Sodium valproate in the treatment of aggressive behavior in patients with dementia: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17: 579-85.
- Megna JL, Devitt PJ, Sauro MD, Dewan MJ. Gabapentin's effect on agitation in severely and persistently mentally ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:12-6.
- Ryback R, Ryback L. Gabapentin for behavioral dyscontrol [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1399.
- Dallocchio C, Buffa C, Mazzarello P. Combination of donepezil and gabapentin for behavioral disorders in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:64.
- Herrmann N, Lanctot K, Myszak M. Effectiveness of gabapentin for the treatment of behavioral disorders in dementia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:90-3.
- Low RA, Brandes M. Gabapentin for the management of agitation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;19:482-3.
- Regan WM, Gordon SM. Gabapentin for behavioral agitation in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17:59-60.
- Hawkins JW, Tinklenberg JR, Sheikh JI, Peyser CE, Yesavage JA. A retrospective chart review of gabapentin for the treatment of aggressive and agitated behavior in patients with dementias. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;8:221-5.
- Roane DM, Feinberg TE, Meckler L, Miner CR, Scicutella A, Rosenthal RN. Treatment of dementia-associated agitation with gabapentin. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;12:40-3.
- Millwer LJ. Gabapentin for treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:427-31.
- Devarajan S, Durson SM. Aggression in dementia with lamotrigine treatment [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1178.
- Tekin S, Aykut-Bingol C, Tanridag T, Aktan S. Antiglutamatergic therapy in Alzheimer's disease-effects of lamotrigine. Short communication. J Neural Transmission 1998; 105:295-303.
- Chatterjee CR, Ringold AL. A case report of reduction in alcohol craving and protection against alcohol withdrawal by gabapentin [Letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;60:617.
- Longo LP. Divalproex sodium for alcohol withdrawal and relapse prevention: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:947-8.
- Reoux JP, Saxon AJ, Malta CA, Baer JS, Sloan KL. Divalproex sodium in alcohol withdrawal: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:1324-9.
- Bastie Y. Suppression des crises d'epilepsie du sevrage par le depakine dans les cures de desintoxication ethylique. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1970;2:400-4.
- Minuk GY, Rockman GE, Duerksen DR, Borrett G, Hoeschen L. The use of sodium valproate in the treatment of alcoholism. J Addict Dis 1995;14:67-74.
- Lambie DG, Johnson RH, Vyayasenan ME, Whiteside EA. Sodium valproate in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Aust NZJ Psychiatry 1980;14:213-5.
- Rosenthal RN, Ferkel C, Singh P, Anand O, Miner CR. A pilot open randomized trial of valproate and phenobarbital in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. Am J Addict 1998;7:189-97.
- Hammer BA, Brady KT. Valproate treatment of alcohol withdrawal and mania [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1232.
- Roberts JM, Malcolm R, Santos AB. Treatment of panic disorder and comorbid substance abuse with divalproex sodium [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:15-21.
- Brady KT, Sonne S, Lydiard RB. Valproate treatment of comorbid panic disorder and affective disorders in two alcoholic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14:81-2.
- McEhOy SL, Keck PE, Lawrence JM. Treatment of panic disorder and benzodiazepine withdrawal with valproate. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991;3:232-3.
- Hillbom M, Tokola R, Kuusela V, Karkkainen P, Kalli-Lemma L, Pilke A, et al. Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with carbamazepine and valproic acid. Alcohol 1989;6: 223-6.
- Myrick H, Malcolm R, Brady KT. Gabapentin treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1632.
- Bonnet U, Banger M, Lewele FM, Maschke M, Kowalski T, Gastpar M. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with gabapentin. Pharmacopsychiatry 1999;32:107-9.
- Bozikas V, Petrikis P, Gamvrula K, Sawidou I, Karavatos A. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal with gabapentin. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:197-9.
- Karam-Hage, Brower KJ. Gabapentin treatment for insomnia with alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:151.
- Raby WN. Gabapentin therapy for cocaine cravings [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:2058-9.
- Markowitz JS, Finkenbine R, Myrucj G, King L, Carson WH. Gabapentin: abuse in a cocaine user: implications for treatment? [Letter]. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17:423-4.
- Myrick H, Henderson S, Brady KT, Malcolm R. Gabapentin in the treatment of cocaine dependence: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:19-23.
- Brady KT, Sonne SC, Anton R, Ballenger JC. Valproate in the treatment of acute bipolar affective episodes complicated by substance abuse: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:118-21.
- Albanese MJ, Clodfetter RC, Khantzian EJ. Divalproex sodium in substance abusers with mood disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:916-21.
- Lima AR, Lima MS, Scares BG, Farrell M. Carbamazepine for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;2:CD002023.
- Brown ES, Nejtek VA, Perantie DC, Orsulak PJ, Bobadilla L. Lamotrigine in patients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. J Clin Psychaitry 2003;64:197-201.
- Pollack MH, Matthews J, Scott EL. Gabapentin as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1988;155:992-3.
- de-Paris F, Busnello JV, Vianna MR, Salgueiro JB, Quevedo J, Izquierdo I, et al. The anticonvulsant compound gabapentin possesses anxiolytic but not amnesic effects in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2000;11:169-73.
- Lum M, Fontaine R, Elie R, Ontiveros A. Probable interaction of sodium divalproex with benzodiazepines. Prog Neuropsy-chopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1991;15:269-73.
- Keck PE, McElroy SL, Tugrul KC, Bennett SA, Smith JM. Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993;27:150-3.
- Pruneau F, Fontaine R, Beauclair L. Valproic acid and panic disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1990;35:248-60.
- Keck PE, McElroy SL, Friedman LM. Valproate and carbamazepine in the treatment of panic and posttraumatic stress disorders, withdrawal states, and behavioral dyscontrol syndromes. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12(suppl):36S-41S.
- Lum M, Fontaine R, Elie R, Ontiveros A. Divalproex sodium's antipanic effect in panic disorder: a placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 1990;27:164A-165A.
- Roy-Byme PP, Ward NG, Donnelly PJ. Valproate in anxiety and withdrawal syndromes. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50(suppl 3):44-8.
- Woodman CL, Noyes R. Panic disorder: treatment with valproate. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:134-6.
- Baetz M, Bowen RC. Efficacy of divalproex sodium in patients with panic disorder and mood instability who have not responded to conventional therapy. Can J Psychiatry 1998;43:73-7.
- Keck PE, McElroy SL, Tugrul KC, Bennett JA, Smith JMR. Valproate treatment of panic disorder and lactate-induced panic attacks. Biol Psychiatry 1993;33:542-6.
- Ontiveros A, Fontaine R. Sodium valproate and clonazepam for treatment-resistant panic disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1992;17:78-80.
- Marazziti D, Cassano GB. Valproic acid for panic disorder associated with multiple sclerosis. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:6-7.
- Pande AC, Pollack MH, Crockett J, Greiner M, Chouinard G, Lydiard RB, et al. Placebo-controlled study of gabapentin of panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:467-71.
- Layton ME, Friedman SD, Dager SR. Brain metabolic changes during lactate-induced panic: effects of gabapentin treatment. Depress Anxiety 2001;14:261-4.
- Zwanger P, Baghai TC, Schule C, Minov C, Padberg F, Moller HJ, et al. Tiagabine improves panic and agoraphobia in panic disorder patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:656-7.
- Zwanzger P, Baghai TC, Schuele C, Struhle A, Padberg F, Kathmann N, et al. Vigabatrin decreases cholecystokinintetrapeptide (CCK-4) induced panic in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;25:699-703.
- Pande AC, Davidson JR, Jefferson JW, Janney CA, Katzeblick DJ, Weisler RH, et al. Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;19:341-8.
- Jefferson JW. Benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants for social phobia (social anxiety disorder). J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(suppl 1):50-3.
- Garcia-Campayo J, Sanz-Carrillo C. Gabapentin for the treatment of patients with somatization disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:474.
- Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, McElroy SL. Treatment of bingeeating disorder with topiramate: a clinical case series. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:368-72.
- Appolinario JC, Coutinho W, Fontenelle L. Topiramate for binge-eating disorder [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:967-8.
- Feistrom A, Blackshaw S. Topiramate for bulimia nervosa with bipolar II disorder [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1246-7.
- Colom F, Fieta E, Benabarre A, Martinez-Aran A, Reinares M, Corbella B, et al. Topiramate abuse in a bipolar patients with an eating disorder [Letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62: 475-6.
- McElroy SL, Arnold LM, Shapira NA, Keck PE Jr, Rosenthal NR, Karim MR, et al. Topiramate in the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a randomized, placebocontrolled trial. Am J Psychiatry 160;2:255-61.
- Schweitzer E, Rickels K, Case WG, Greenblatt DJ. Carbamazepine treatment in patients discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy: effects on withdrawal severity and outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:448-62.
- Rickels K, Case WG, Schweizer E. Withdrawal from benzodiazepines. In: Hindmarch I, Beaumont G, Brandon S, Leonard BE, eds. Benzodiazepines: current concepts--biological, clini-cal and social perspectives. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1990:199-210.
- Galpem WR, Miller LG, Greenblatt DJ, Szabo GK, Browne TR, Shader RI. Chronic benzodiazepine administration. IX. Attenuation of alprazolam discontinuation effects by carbamazepine. Biochem Fharmacol 1991;42(suppl):S99-104.
- Apelt S, Emrich HM. Sodium valproate in benzodiazepine withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:950-1.
- Motohashi M. GABA receptor alterations after chronic lithium: in comparison with carbamazepine and sodium valproate. Presented at the 17th annual Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum Congress, September 1990, Kyoto, Japan.
- Liljequist S, Engel JA. Reversal of the anti-conflict action of valproate by various GABA and benzodiazepine antagonists. Life Sei 1984;34:2526-33.
- Deltito JA. Valproate pretreatment for difficult-to-treat patient with OCD [Letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:500.
- Cora-Locatelli G, Greenberg BD, Martin JD, Murphy DL. Valproate monotherapy in an SRI-intolerant OCD patient [Letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:82.
- Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Sood E, Hollander E. Lithium and valproate treatment of pathological gambling: a randomized single-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:559-64.
- Valela D, Black DW. Pedophilia treated with carbamazepine and clonazepam. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1245-6.
- Lipper S, Davidson JR, Grady TA, Edinger JD, Hammett EB, Mahomey SL, et al. Preliminary study of carbamazepine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatics 1986;27:849-54.
- Wolf ME, Alavi A, Mosniam AD. Posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: clinical and EEG findings. Possible therapeutic effects of carbamazepine. Biol Psychiatry 1988;23:642-4.
- Fesler FA. Valproate in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:361-4.
- Ford N. The use of anticonvulsant in posttraumatic stress disorder: case study and overview. J Trauma Stress 1996;9:857-63.
- Berigan TR, Holzgang A. Valproate as an alternative in posttraumatic stress disorder: a case report. Mil Med 1995;160:318.
- Brodsky L, Doerman AL, Palmer LS, Slade GF, Munasifi FA. Posttraumatic stress disorder: an eclectic approach. Int J Psychosom 1990;37:89-95.
- Clark RD, Canive JM, Calais LA, Qvalis CR, Tuason VB. Divalproex in posttraumatic stress disorder: an open-label clinical trial. J Trauma Stress 1999; 12:395-440.
- Szymanski HV, Olympia J. Divalproex in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1086-7.
- Hamner MB, Brodrick PS, Labbate LA. Gabapentin in PTSD: a retrospective, clinical series of adjunctive therapy. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2001;13:141-6.
- Berlant J, and van Kammen DP. Open-label topiramate as primary or adjunctive therapy in chronic civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:15-20.
- Hertzberg MA, Butterfield MI, Feldman ME, Beckham JC, Sutherland SM, Connor KM, et al. A preliminary study of lamotrigine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:1226-9.
- Andre V, Ferrandon A, Marescaux C, Neblig A. Vigabatrin protects against hippocampal damage but is not antiepileptogenic in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 200;47:99-117.
- Deltito J, Martin L, Riefkohl K, Austria B, Kissilenko A, Corless C, et al. Do patients with borderline personality disorder belong to the bipolar spectrum? J Affect Disord 2001;67:221-8.
- Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Curillo C. Lithium carbonate in emotionally unstable character disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:519-23.
- Links PS, Steiner M, Boiago I, Erwin D. Lithium therapy for borderline patients: preliminary findings. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;4:173-81.
- Cowdry RW, Gardner DL. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: alprazolam, carbamazepine, trifluoperazine, and tranylcypromine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45: 111-9.
- De Ia Fuente J, Lotstra F. A trial of carbamazepine in borderline personality disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1994;4:479-86.
- Grossman R. Psychopharmacologic treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2002;32: 357-70.
- Townsend MH, Cambra KM, Barbee JG. Treatment of borderline personality disorder with mood instability with divalproex sodium: series often cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:249-51.
- Frankenburg FR, Zanarini MC. Divalproex sodium treatment of women with borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder a double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:442-6.
- Hollander E, Alien A, Lopez RP, Bienstock CA, Grossman R, Siever LJ, et al. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex sodium in borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:199-203.
- Hollander E, Tracy KA, Swann AC, Coccaro EF, McElroy SL, Wozniak P, et al. Neuropsychopharmacol 2003;6:1186-97.
- Stein DJ, Simeon D, Frenkel M, Islam MN, Hollander E. An open trial of valproate in borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:506-10.
- Wilcox J. Divalproex sodium in the treatment of aggressive behavior. An Clin Psychiatry 1994;6:17-20.
- Kavoussi RJ, Coccaro EF. Divalproex sodium for impulsive aggressive behavior in patients with personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:676-80.
- Pinto OC, AMskal HS. Lamotrigine as a promising approach to borderline personality: an open case series without concurrent DSM-IV major mood disorder. J Affect Disord 1998;51:333-43.
- Sierra M, Phillips ML, Lambert MV, Senior C, David AS, Krystal JH. Lamotrigine in the treatment of depersonalization disorder [Letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 62; 10:826-7.
New Uses for Lithium and Anticonvulsants
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.