129
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Predispositions, Personality Traits, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Pages 175-183 | Published online: 28 Aug 2009

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Ameri- can Psychiatric Association, l980.
  • Yehuda R, McFarlane AC. Conflict between current knowl- edge about posttraumatic stress disorder and its original conceptual basis. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1705–13.
  • Gorman JM. Good old science. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:579–80.
  • Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban popula- tion of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:216–22.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: Ameri- can Psychiatric Association, 1994.
  • Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:1048–60.
  • Norris FH. Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demo- graphic groups. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:409–18.
  • Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:626–32.
  • Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L. Post-traumatic stress dis- order in the general population: findings of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1630–4.
  • Davidson JR, Hughes D, Blazer DG, George LK. Post- traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiologi- cal study. Psychol Med 1991;21:713–21.
  • Stein MB, Walker JR, Hazen AL, Forde DR. Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1114–9.
  • Weiss DS, Marmar CR, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK, Hough RL, et al. The prevalence of lifetime and partial post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam Theater veterans. J Trauma Stress 1992;5:365–76.
  • Schlenger WE, Kulka RA, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, et al. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the Vietnam generation: a multimethod, multisource assessment of psychiatric disorder. J Trauma Stress 1992;5:333–63.
  • Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB, Breslau N. Epidemiological risk factors for trauma and PTSD. In: Yehuda R, ed. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999:23–59.
  • Frank E, Stewart BD. Depressive symptoms in rape victims: a revisit. J Affect Disord 1984;7:77–85.
  • Regehr C, Marziali E. Response to sexual assault: a rela- tional perspective. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999;187:618–23.
  • Bowman ML. Individual differences in posttraumatic re- sponse: problems with the adversity-distress connection. Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1997.
  • Fontana A, Rosenheck R. Posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam Theater veterans: a causal model of etiology in a community sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994;182:677–84.
  • Browne A, Finkelhor D. Impact of child sexual abuse: a re- view of the research. Psychol Bull 1986;99:66–77.
  • Malinosky-Rummell R, Hansen DJ. Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychol Bull 1993;114:68–79.
  • Rind B, Tromovitch P. A meta-analytic review of findings from national samples on psychological correlates of child sexual abuse. J Sex Res 1997;34:237–55.
  • Rind B, Tromovitch P, Bauserman R. A meta-analytic exami- nation of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using col- lege samples. Psychol Bull 1998;124:22–53.
  • Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ. Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood, I: Preva- lence of sexual abuse and factors associated with sexual abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1355–64.
  • Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood, II: Psy- chiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1365–74.
  • Eaton WW, Sigal JJ, Weinfeld M. Impairment of Holocaust survivors after 33 years: data from an unbiased community sample. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:773–7.
  • McFarlane AC. The prevalence and longitudinal course of PTSD: implications for the neurobiological models of PTSD. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;821:10–23.
  • Keane TM, Wolfe J. Comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder: an analysis of community and clinical studies. J Appl Soc Psychol 1990;20:1776–88.
  • Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, et al. Trauma and the Vietnam War genera- tion: report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1990.
  • Fairbank JA, Schlenger WE, Saigh PA, Davidson JRT. An epidemiologic profile of post-traumatic stress disorder: prev- alence, comorbidity, and risk factors. In: Friedman MJ, Char- ney DS, Deutch AY, eds. Neurobiological and clinical conse- quences of stress: from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1995: 415–27.
  • Bleich A, Koslowsky M, Dolev A, Lerer B. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression: an analysis of comorbidity. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:479–82.
  • Brown PJ, Wolfe J. Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994;35:51–9.
  • Southwick SM, Yehuda R, Giller EL Jr. Personality disorders in treatment-seeking combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1020–3.
  • Classen C, Koopman C, Hales R, Spiegel D. Acute stress dis- order as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:620–4.
  • Koren D, Arnon I, Klein E. Acute stress response and post- traumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims: a one- year prospective, follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:367–73.
  • Bowman ML. Individual differences in posttraumatic dis- tress: problems with the DSM-IV model. Can J Psychiatry 1999;44:21–33.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed, revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
  • Breslau N, Davis GC. Posttraumatic stress disorder: the stressor criterion. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987;175:255–64.
  • Lee KA, Vaillant GE, Torrey WC, Elder GH. A 50-year pro- spective study of the psychological sequelae of World War II combat. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:516–22.
  • Wyshak G. The relation between change in reports of trau- matic events and symptoms of psychiatric distress. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1994;16:290–7.
  • Southwick SM, Morgan CA III, Nicolaou AL, Charney DS. Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:173–7.
  • Young A. Harmony of illusions: inventing post-traumatic stress disorder. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995.
  • Kendler KS, Eaves LJ. Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness. Am J Psy- chiatry 1986;143:279–89.
  • Kendler KS, Neale M, Kessler R, Heath A, Eaves L. A twin study of recent life events and difficulties. Arch Gen Psychia- try 1993;50:789–96.
  • Thapar A, McGuffin P. Genetic influences on life events in childhood. Psychol Med 1996;26:813–30.
  • True WR, Lyons MJ. Genetic risk factors for PTSD: a twin study. In: Yehuda R, ed. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999:61–78.
  • True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA, Heath AC, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, et al. A twin study of genetic and environmental contribu- tions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:257–64.
  • Skre I, Onstad S, Torgersen S, Lygren S, Kringlen E. A twin study of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;88:85–92.
  • Gottesman II. Schizophrenia genesis: the origins of madness. New York: Freeman, 1991.
  • Akiskal HS, Rosenthal TL, Haykal RF, Lemmi H, Rosenthal RH, Scott-Strauss A. Characterological depressions: clinical and sleep EEG findings separating ‘subaffective dysthymias’ from ‘character spectrum disorders.’ Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:777–83.
  • Paris J. Anxious traits, anxious attachment, and anxious- cluster personality disorders. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1998; 6:142–8.
  • Zanarini MC. Borderline personality as an impulse spectrum disorder. In: Paris J, ed. Borderline personality disorder: eti- ology and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1993:67–86.
  • Siever LJ, Davis KL. A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1647–58.
  • Plomin R, DeFries JC, McClearn GE, Rutter M. Behavioral genetics. 3rd ed. New York: Freeman, 1997.
  • Williams R. Personality and post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Yule W, ed. Post-traumatic stress disorders: concepts and therapy. Chichester, England: Wiley, 1999:92–115.
  • Eysenck HJ. Genetic and environmental contributions to in- dividual differences: the three major dimensions of personal- ity. J Pers 1990;58:245–61.
  • Costa PT, McCrae RR. From catalog to classification: Mur- ray’s needs and the five-factor model. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988;55:258–65.
  • McCrae RR, Costa PT Jr. Personality in adulthood. New York: Guilford, 1990.
  • LeDoux JE. The emotional brain: the mysterious underpin- nings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
  • Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P. Risk factors for PTSD- related traumatic events: a prospective analysis. Am J Psy- chiatry 1995;152:529–35.
  • Schnurr PP, Vielhauer MJ. Personality as a risk factor for PTSD. In: Yehuda R, ed. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999:191–222.
  • Shalev AY. Psychophysiological expression of risk factors for PTSD. In: Yehuda R, ed. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999:143–61.
  • Orr SP, Pitman RK. Neurocognitive risk factors for PTSD. In: Yehuda R, ed. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999:125–41.
  • Maser JD, Cloninger CR, eds. Comorbidity of mood and anxi- ety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990.
  • Kendler KS, Heath AC, Martin NG, Eaves LJ. Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression: same genes, different environments? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:451–7.
  • Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Eisen SA, True W, Tsuang MT, Meyer JM, et al. Do genes influence exposure to trauma? A twin study of combat. Am J Med Genet 1993;48:22–7.
  • Hare RD. Psychopaths and their nature: implications for the mental health and criminal justice systems. In: Millon T, Si- monsen E, Birket-Smith M, Davis RD, eds. Psychopathy: an- tisocial, criminal, and violent behavior. New York: Guilford, 1998:188–212.
  • Grillon C, Southwick SM, Charney DS. The psychobiological basis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1:278–97.
  • Yehuda R. Psychoneuroendocrinology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998;21:359–79.
  • Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, Bronen RA, Seibyl JP, Southwick SM, et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocam- pal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:973–81.
  • Sapolsky RM. Why stress is bad for your brain. Science 1996; 273:749–50.
  • Van der Kolk BA. The body keeps the score: memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1994;1:253–65.
  • Bremner JD. Does stress damage the brain? Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:797–805.
  • Yehuda R. Biological factors associated with susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1999;44:34–9.
  • Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Davis GC. Previous ex- posure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: results from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Am J Psy- chiatry 1999;156:902–7.
  • Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Basic, 1986.
  • Clark DA, Beck AT, Alford BA. Scientific foundations of cog- nitive theory and therapy of depression. New York: Wiley, 1999.
  • Rahe RH. Stress and psychiatry. In: Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, eds. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 6th ed. Balti- more: Williams & Wilkins, 1995:1545–59.
  • Rutter M. Pathways from childhood to adult life. J Child Psy- chol Psychiatry 1989;30:23–51.
  • Rutter M. Psychosocial resilience and protective mecha- nisms. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1987;57:316–31.
  • Werner EE, Smith RS. Overcoming the odds: high risk chil- dren from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Uni- versity Press, 1992.
  • Masten AS, Coatsworth JD. Competence, resilience, and psy- chopathology. In: Cicchetti D, Cohen DJ, eds. Developmental psychopathology, vol 2: Risk, disorder, and adaptation. New York: Wiley, 1995:715–52.
  • Flach F. The resilience hypothesis and posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD, eds. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990:37–45.
  • McFarlane AC, Yehuda RA. Resilience, vulnerability, and the course of posttraumatic reactions. In: Van der Kolk BA, McFarlane AC, eds. Traumatic stress: the effects of over- whelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: Guilford, 1996:155–81.
  • King DW, King LA, Foy DW, Keane TM, Fairbank JA. Post- traumatic stress disorder in a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans: risk factors, war-zone stressors, and resilience-recovery variables. J Abnorm Psychol 1999;108:164–70.
  • Yehuda R, Schmeidler J, Giller EL Jr, Siever LJ, Binder- Brynes K. Relationship between posttraumatic stress disor- der characteristics of Holocaust survivors and their adult off- spring. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:841–3.
  • McFarlane AC. The aetiology of post-traumatic morbidity: predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:221–8.
  • Alexander DA, Wells A. Reactions of police officers to body- handling after a major disaster: a before-and-after compari- son. Br J Psychiatry 1991;159:547–55.
  • Atkeson BM, Calhoun KS, Resick PA, Ellis EM. Victims of rape: repeated assessment of depressive symptoms. J Con- sult Clin Psychol 1982;50:96–102.
  • Bowlby J. Attachment. London: Hogarth, 1969.
  • Boscarino JA. Post-traumatic stress and associated disorders among Vietnam veterans: the significance of combat expo- sure and social support. J Trauma Stress 1995;8:317–36.
  • Neria Y, Solomon Z, Dekel R. An eighteen-year follow-up study of Israeli prisoners of war and combat veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186:174–82.
  • Murphy HBM. Comparative psychiatry: the international and intercultural distribution of mental illness. New York: Springer, 1982.
  • Shorter E. From mind into the body: the cultural origins of psychosomatic symptoms. New York: Free Press, 1994.
  • Engel GL. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:535–44.
  • Monroe SM, Simons AD. Diathesis-stress theories in the con- text of life stress research: implications for the depressive disorders. Psychol Bull 1991;110:406–25.
  • Kagan J. Galen’s prophecy: temperament in human nature. New York: Basic, 1994.
  • Suomi SJ. Behavioral inhibition and impulsive aggressive- ness: insights from studies with rhesus monkeys. In: Balter B, Tamis-LeMonda CS, eds. Child psychology: a handbook of contemporary issues. Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 1999: 510–25.
  • Post RM. Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neuro- biology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:999–1010.
  • Summerfield D. A critique of seven assumptions behind psy- chological trauma programmes in war-affected areas. Soc Sci Med 1999;48:1449–62.
  • Shalev AY, Yehuda R. Longitudinal development of traumatic stress disorders. In: Yehuda R, ed. Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1998:31–66.
  • Wilson JP. Trauma, transformation, and healing: an integ- rative approach to theory, research, and post-traumatic ther- apy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1989.
  • Foa EB, Steketee G, Rothbaum BO. Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Ther 1989;20:155–76.
  • Marshall RD, Pierce D. Implications of recent findings in posttraumatic stress disorder and the role of pharmacother- apy. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 2000;7:247–56.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.