19
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

‘Bipolar missed states’: the diagnosis and clinical salience of bipolar mixed states

, &
Pages 215-221 | Received 21 Nov 2004, Accepted 25 Nov 2004, Published online: 17 Aug 2009

References

  • Kraeplin E. Manic-Depressive insanity and paranoia. E&S Livingstone, Edinburgh 1921
  • Benazzi F, Koukopoulos A, Akiskal H S. Toward a validation of a new definition of agitated depression as a bipolar mixed state (mixed depression). European Psychiatry 2004; 19: 85–90
  • Benazzi F, Helmi S, Bland L. Agitated depression: unipolar? Bipolar? Or both?. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 14: 97–104
  • Swann A C, Secunda S K, Katz M M, et al. Specificity of mixed affective states: clinical comparison of dysphoric mania and agitated depression. Journal of Affective disorders 1993; 28: 81–89
  • Dodd S, Berk M. Predictors of antidepressant response: a selective review. International Journal of Psychiatry Clinical Practice 2004; 8: 91–100
  • Sharma V, Kahn M, Smith A. A closer look at treatment resistant depression: is it due to a bipolar diathesis?. Journal of Affective disorders 2004
  • First M B, Spitzer R L, Gibbon M, Williams J BW. Structured clinical interview for axis I dsm-iv disorders – patient version (SCID-I/P). New York State Psychiatric Institute Biometrics Research, New York 1994
  • Bschor T, Lewitzka U, Sasse J, Adli M, Koberle U, Bauer M. Lithium augmentation in treatment-resistant depression: clinical evidence, serotonergic and endocrine mechanisms. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36(Suppl. 3)S230–S234
  • Barbee J G, Jamhour N J. Lamotrigine as an augmentation agent in treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63: 737–741
  • Bowden C L, Brugger A M, Swann A C, et al. Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The depakote mania study group. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994; 271: 918–924
  • Freeman M P, McElroy S L. Clinical picture and etiologic models of mixed states. Psychiatric clinics of North American 1999; 22: 535–546, vii
  • Dell'Osso L, Placidi G F, Nassi R, Freer P, Cassano G B, Akiskal H S. The manic-depressive mixed state: familial, temperamental and psychopathologic characteristics in 108 female inpatients. European Archives of Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience 1991; 240: 234–239
  • Keller M B, Lavori P W, Coryell W, Endicott J, Mueller T I. Bipolar I: a five-year prospective follow-up. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993; 181: 238–245
  • Tohen M, Greenfield S F, Weiss R D, Zarate C A, Vagge L M. The effect of comorbid substance use disorders on the course of bipolar disorder: a review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1998; 6: 133–141
  • Dilsaver S C, Chen Y W, Swann A C, Shoaib A M, Krajewski K J. Suicidality in patients with pure and depressive mania. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1312–1315
  • Strakowski S M, McElroy S L, Keck P E, West S A. Suicidality among patients with mixed and manic bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 674–676
  • Henry C, Swendsen J, Van den Bulke D, Sorbara F, Demotes-Mainard J, Leboyer M. Emotional hyper-reactivity as a fundamental mood characteristic of manic and mixed states. European Psychiatry 2003; 18: 124–128
  • Goldberg J F, Garno J L, Portera L, Leon A C, Kocsis J H, Whiteside J E. Correlates of suicidal ideation in dysphoric mania. Journal of Affective disorders 1999; 56: 75–81
  • Cassidy F, Murry E, Forest K, Carroll B J. Signs and symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes. Journal of Affective disorders 1998; 50: 187–201
  • Goldberg J F, Garno J L, Portera L, Leon A C, Kocsis J H. Qualitative differences in manic symptoms during mixed versus pure mania. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2000; 41: 237–241
  • Dilsaver S C, Swann A C, Shoaib A M, Bowers T C, Halle M T. Depressive mania associated with nonresponse to antimanic agents. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1548–1551
  • Goldberg J F, Garno J L, Leon A C, Kocsis J H, Portera L. Rapid titration of mood stabilizers predicts remission from mixed or pure mania in bipolar patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998; 59: 151–158
  • Prien R F, Himmelhoch J M, Kupfer D J. Treatment of mixed mania. Journal of Affective disorders 1988; 15: 9–15
  • Kupfer D J, Frank E, Grochocinski V J., et al. Stabilization in the treatment of mania, depression and mixed states. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2000; 12: 110–114
  • Chang K D, Keck P E, Stanton S P, McElroy S L, Strakowski S M, Geracioti T D, Jr. Differences in thyroid function between bipolar manic and mixed states. Biological Psychiatry 1998; 43: 730–733
  • Swann A C. Depression, mania, and feeling bad: the role of dysphoria in mixed states. Bipolar Disorders 2000; 2: 325–327
  • Koukopoulos A. Agitated depression as a mixed state and the problem of melancholia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1999; 22: 547–564
  • Swann A C. Mixed or dysphoric manic states: psychopathology and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1995; 56(Suppl. 3)6–10
  • Cassano G B, Dell'Osso L, Frank E., et al. The bipolar spectrum: a clinical reality in search of diagnostic criteria and an assessment methodology. Journal of Affective disorders 1999; 54: 319–328
  • Akiskal H S. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1996; 16(Suppl.1)4S–14S
  • Sato T, Bottlender R, Schroter A, Moller H J. Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar ‘depressive mixed state’ as bipolar spectrum. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003; 107: 268–274
  • Maggini C, Salvatore P, Gerhard A, Migone P. Psychopathology of stable and unstable mixed states: a historical view. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2000; 41: 77–82
  • Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Bartoli L. Agitated depression in bipolar I disorder: prevalence, phenomenology, and outcome. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 2134–2140
  • Dayer A, Aubry J M, Roth L, Ducrey S, Bertschy G. A theoretical reappraisal of mixed states: dysphoria as a third dimension. Bipolar Disorders 2000; 2: 316–324
  • McElroy S L, Strakowski S M, Keck P E, Tugrul K L, West S A, Lonczak H S. Differences and similarities in mixed and pure mania. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1995; 36: 187–194
  • Benazzi F, Akiskal H S. Delineating bipolar II mixed states in the Ravenna-San Diego collaborative study: the relative prevalence and diagnostic significance of hypomanic features during major depressive episodes. Journal of Affective disorders 2001; 67: 115–122
  • Benazzi F. Which could be a clinically useful definition of depressive mixed state?. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacological Biological Psychiatry 2002; 26: 1105–1111
  • Benazzi F. Bipolar II depressive mixed state: finding a useful definition. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2003; 44: 21–27
  • Cassidy F, Ahearn E, Murry E, Forest K, Carroll B J. Diagnostic depressive symptoms of the mixed bipolar episode. Psychological Medicine 2000; 30: 403–411
  • Cassidy F, Carroll B J. The clinical epidemiology of pure and mixed manic episodes. Bipolar Disorders 2001; 3: 35–40
  • Akiskal H S, Hantouche E G, Bourgeois M L, et al. Gender, temperament, and the clinical picture in dysphoric mixed mania: findings from a French national study (EPIMAN). Journal of Affective disorders 1998; 50: 175–186
  • Perugi G, Akiskal H S, Micheli C, et al. Clinical subtypes of bipolar mixed states: validating a broader European definition in 143 cases. Journal of Affective disorders 1997; 43: 169–180
  • Dilsaver S C, Chen Y R, Shoaib A M, Swann A C. Phenomenology of mania: evidence for distinct depressed, dysphoric, and euphoric presentations. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 426–430
  • Himmelhoch J M, Mulla D, Neil J F, Detre T P, Kupfer D J. Incidence and signficiance of mixed affective states in a bipolar population. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976; 33: 1062–1066
  • Swann A C, Bowden C L, Morris D, et al. Depression during mania. Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997; 54: 37–42
  • Himmelhoch J M, Garfinkel M E. Sources of lithium resistance in mixed mania. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1986; 22: 613–620
  • Swann A C, Secunda S K, Katz M M, et al. Lithium treatment of mania: clinical characteristics, specificity of symptom change, and outcome. Psychiatry Research 1986; 18: 127–141
  • Secunda S K, Katz M M, Swann A, et al. Mania. Diagnosis, state measurement and prediction of treatment response. Journal of Affective disorders 1985; 8: 113–121
  • Post R M, Rubinow D R, Uhde T W, et al. Dysphoric mania. Clinical and biological correlates. Archives of General Psychiatry 1989; 46: 353–358
  • Freeman T W, Clothier J L, Pazzaglia P, Lesem M D, Swann A C. A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 108–111
  • Secunda S K, Swann A, Katz M M, Koslow S H, Croughan J, Chang S. Diagnosis and treatment of mixed mania. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 96–98
  • Tohen M, Jacobs T G, Grundy S L, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The olanzipine HGGW study group. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000; 57: 841–849
  • Tohen M, Sanger T M, McElroy S L, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Olanzipine HGGW study group. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 702–709
  • Ketter T A, Winsberg M E, DeGolia S G, Dunai M, Tate D L, Strong C M. Rapid efficacy of olanzapine augmentation in nonpsychotic bipolar mixed states. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998; 59: 83–85
  • Sharma V, Pistor L. Treatment of bipolar mixed state with olanzapine. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience 1999; 24: 40–44
  • Tohen M, Marneros A, Bowden C L, et al. Olanzapine vs. lithium in relapse prevention in bipolar disorder: a randomized double-blind controlled 12-month clinical trial. Bipolar Disorders 2003; 5(Suppl. 1)89
  • Small J G, Milstein V, Small I F. Electroconvulsive therapy for mania. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1991; 14: 887–903
  • Gruber N P, Dilsaver S C, Shoaib A M, Swann A C. ECT in mixed affective states: a case series. Journal of ECT 2000; 16: 183–188
  • Devanand D P, Polanco P, Cruz R, et al. The efficacy of ECT in mixed affective states. Journal of ECT 2000; 16: 32–37
  • Malhi G S, Mitchell P B, Salim S. Bipolar depression: management options. CNS Drugs 2003; 17: 9–25
  • Judd L L, Akiskal H S, Schettler P J, et al. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002; 59: 530–537
  • IMS America. IMS: National disease and therapeutic index. IMS America, , New Jersey 1998
  • Wehr T A, Goodwin F K. Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness?. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1403–1411
  • Akiskal H S. Dysthymic and cyclothymic depressions: therapeutic considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994; 55(Suppl.)46–52
  • Dilsaver S C, Swann A C. Mixed mania: apparent induction by a tricyclic antidepressant in five consecutively treated patients with bipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry 1995; 37: 60–62
  • Akiskal H S, Mallya G. Criteria for the ‘soft’ bipolar spectrum: treatment implications. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1987; 23: 68–73
  • Moller H J, Grunze H. Have some guidelines for the treatment of acute bipolar depression gone too far in the restriction of antidepressants?. European Archives of Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience 2000; 250: 57–68
  • Amsterdam J. Efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the treatment of bipolar II major depressive episode. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1998; 18: 414–417
  • Amsterdam J D, Garcia-Espana F, Fawcett J, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1998; 18: 435–440
  • Altshuler L L, Post R M, Leverich G S, Mikalauskas K, Rosoff A, Ackerman L. Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1130–1138
  • Ghaemi S N, Boiman E E, Goodwin F K. Diagnosing bipolar disorder and the effect of antidepressants: a naturalistic study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000; 61: 804–809
  • Ketter T A, Calabrese J R. Stabilization of mood from below versus above baseline in bipolar disorder: a new nomenclature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63: 146–151

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.