Factors associated with pathological dissociation in the general population

References

• Spiegel D, Cardena E. Disintegrated experience: the dissociative disorders revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991; 100: 366–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu J A, Dill D L. Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 887–892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson E B, Putnam F W. An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Dissociation 1993; 6: 16–27
   Google Scholar
• Putnam F W, Carlson E B, Ross C A, et al. Patterns of dissociation in clinical and nonclinical samples. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1996; 184: 673–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner J D, Southwick S, Brett E, Fontana A, Rosenheck R, Charney D S. Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 328–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky B S, Cloitre M, Dulit R A. Relationship of dissociation to self-mutilation and childhood abuse in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1788–1792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demitrack M A, Putnam F W, Brewerton T D, Brandt H A, Gold P W. Relation of clinical variables to dissociative phenomena in eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1184–1188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller G, Ohanian V, Meyer C, Everill J, Rouse H. The utility of dimensional and categorical approaches to understanding dissociation in the eating disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001; 40: 387–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn G E, Paolo A M, Ryan J J, Van Fleet J. Dissociative symptoms in a substance abuse population. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1043–1047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seedat S, Stein M B, Forde D R. Prevalence of dissociative experiences in the community sample. Relationship to gender, ethnicity, and substance use. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2003; 191: 115–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder R T, Beautrais A L, Joyce P R, Fergusson D M. Relationship between dissociation, childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and mental illness in a general population sample. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 806–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis E R. S, Van Dyck R, Ter Kuile M M, Mourits M JE, Spinhoven P, Van Der Hard O. Evidence for associations among somatoform dissociation, psychological dissociation and reported trauma in patients with chronic pelvic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; 24: 87–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis E RS. Somatoform dissociation: major symptoms of dissociative disorders. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 2000; 1: 7–29
   Google Scholar
• Maaranen P, Tanskanen A, Haatainen K, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Hintikka J, Viinamäki H. Somatoform dissociation and adverse childhood experiences in the general population. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2004; 192: 337–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer C, Freyberger H J, Stieglitz R-D, et al. Adaptation and psychometric properties of the German version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1998; 11: 799–809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker D, Hunter E, Lawrence E, et al. Depersonalisation disorder: clinical features of 204 cases. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 182: 428–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller N G, Ross C A. The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: taxometric and behavior genetic findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1997; 106: 499–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos P E. The prevalence of ‘alexithymic’ characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1973; 22: 255–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre M, Scarvalone P, Difede J A. Posttraumatic stress disorder, self- and interpersonal dysfunction among sexually retraumatized women. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1997; 10: 437–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elzinga B M, Bermond B, Van Dyck R. The relationship between dissociative proneness and alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2002; 71: 104–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe H-J, Rainermann S, Spitzer C, Gänsicke M, Freyberger H J. The relationship between dimensions of alexithymia and dissociation. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2000; 69: 128–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin H J, Melbin-Helberg E B. Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997; 53: 159–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modestin J, Lötscher K, Erni T. Dissociative experiences and their correlates in young non-patients. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 2002; 75: 53–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise T N, Mann L S, Sheridan M J. Relationship between alexithymia, dissociation and personality in psychiatric outpatients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2000; 69: 123–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honkalampi K, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Tanskanen A, Hintikka J, Lehtonen J, Viinamäki H. Why do alexithymic features appear to be stable? A 12-month follow-up study of a general population. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2001; 70: 247–253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zlotnick C, Shea M T, Pearlstein T, Simpson E, Costello E, Begin A. The relationship between dissociative symptoms, alexithymia, impulsivity, sexual abuse, and self-mutilation. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1996; 37: 12–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoroglu S S, Tuzun U, Şar V, et al. Suicide attempt and self-mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2003; 57: 119–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe G N, Chawla N, Van Der Kolk B A. Self-destructive behavior in patients with dissociative disorders. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2002; 32: 313–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low G, Jones D, MacLeod A, Power M, Duggan C. Childhood trauma, dissociation, and self-harming behavior: a pilot study. British Journal of Medical Psychology 2000; 73: 269–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein E M, Putnam F W. Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1986; 174: 727–735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderlinden J, Van Dyck R, Vandereycken W, Vertommen H. Dissociative experiences in the general population in the Netherlands and Belgium. Dissociation 1991; 4: 180–184
   Google Scholar
• Akyüz G, Dogan O, Şar V, Yargiç L I, Tutkun H. Frequency of dissociative identity disorder in the general population in Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1999; 40: 151–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross C A, Joshi S, Currie R. Dissociative experiences in the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1547–1552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller NG, Putnam F W, Carlson E B. Types of dissociation and dissociative types: a taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychological Methods 1996; 1: 300–321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer C, Klauer T, Grabe H J, et al. Gender differences in dissociation. A dimensional approach. Psychopathology 2003; 36: 65–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsanen T, Lauerma H, Peltola P, Kallio S. Associations among dissociative experiences, handedness, and demographic variables in a nonclinical population. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2000; 188: 422–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joukamaa M, Miettunen J, Kokkonen P, et al. Psychometric properties of the Finnish 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 55: 123–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagby R M, Parker J D. A, Taylor G J. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1994; 38: 23–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor G J, Bagby R M, Parker J DA. Disorders of affect regulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997
   Google Scholar
• Beck A T, Steer R A, Garbin M G. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory. 25 years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review 1988; 8: 77–100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintikka J, Pesonen T, Saarinen P, Tanskanen A, Lehtonen J, Viinamäki H. Suicidal ideation in the Finnish general population. A 12-month follow-up study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2001; 36: 590–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Kolk B A, Pelcovitz D, Roth S, Mandel F S, MacFarlane A, Herman J L. Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: the complexity of the adaptation to trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 83–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Bosch L M, Verheul R, Langeland W, Van Den Brink W. Trauma, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress disorder in female borderline patients with and without substance abuse problems. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 37: 549–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyberger H. Supportive psychotherapeutic techniques in primary and secondary alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1977; 28: 337–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar