Volumetric umbilical artery blood flow: comparison of the normal versus the single umbilical artery cord

References

• Heifetz SA. The umbilical cord: obstetrically important lesions. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1996;39:571–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benirschke K, Bourne GL. The incidence and prognostic implicationof congenitalabsence of one umbilicalartery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1960;79:251–4
   Google Scholar
• Nyberg DA, Mahony BS, Luthy D, Kapur R. Single umbilical artery –prenatal detection of concurrent anomalies. J Ultra- sound Med 1991;10:247–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich LA, Fujikara T. Significance of a single umbilical artery –report from the collaborative study of cerebral palsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;94:274–9
   Google Scholar
• Saller DN, Keene CL, Sun CCJ, Schwartz S. The association of single umbilical artery with cytogeneticallyabnormal preg- nancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:922–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catanzarite VA, Hendricks SK, Maida C, Westbrook C, Cousins L, Schrimmer D. Prenatal diagnosis of the two vessel cord: implications for patient counseling and obstetric management. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:98–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eik-Nes SH, Brubakk AO, Ulstein MK. Measurement of human fetal blood flow. Br Med J 1980;1:283–4
   Google Scholar
• Gill RW, Trudinger BJ, Garrett WJ, Kossoff G, Warren PS. Fetal umbilical venous flow measured in utero by pulsed Doppler and B-mode ultrasound. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 139:720–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurjak A, Rajhvajn B. Ultrasonic measurements of umbilical blood flow in normal and complicated pregnancies. J Perinat Med 1982;10:3–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eik-Nes SH,Marsal K, Kristoffersen K. Methodologyandbasic problems related to blood flow studies in the human fetus. Ultrasound Med Biol 1984;10:329–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonge HM, StruijkPC, WladimiroffJW. Blood flowmeasurements inthe fetaldescendingaorta: techniqueandclinics. Clin Cardiol 1984;7:323–9
   Google Scholar
• Gill RW, Kossoff G, Warren PS, Garrett WJ. Umbilical venousflowin normaland complicatedpregnancy. Ultrasound Med Biol 1984;10:349–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill RW, Warren PS, Garrett WJ, Kossoff G, Stewart A. Umbilical blood flow. In Chervenak FA, Isaacson GC, Campbell S, eds. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993:587–95
   Google Scholar
• Goldkrand JW, Moore DH, Lentz SU, Clements SP, Turner AD, Bryant JL. Volumetric flow in the umbilical artery: normative data. J Matern Fetal Med 2000;9:224–8
   Google Scholar
• Hadlock FP, Harrist BB, Carpenter JR, Deter RL, Park SK. Sonographic estimation of fetal weight. Radiology 1984;150:535–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiserud T, Eik-Nes SH, Blaas HG, Helivik LR, Simensen B. Ductusvenosusbloodvelocityand the umbilicalcirculationin the seriously growth-retardedfetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1994;4:109–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monie IW. Genesis of single umbilical artery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970;108:400–5
   Google Scholar
• Benirschke K, Kaufman P. Pathology of the Human Placenta, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag,1990:211
   Google Scholar
• Altshuler G, Tsang RC, Ermocilla R. Single umbilical artery: correlationof clinicalstatusand umbilicalcordpathology. Am J Dis Child 1975;129:697–700
   Google Scholar
• Parilla BV, Tamura RK, MacGreger SN, Geibel LJ, Sabbagha RE. The clinic significance of a single umbilical artery as an isolated finding on prenatal ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85:570–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldkrand JW, Lentz SU, Turner AD, Clements S, Sefter H, Bryant J.Dopplervelocimetryin the fetuswith a single umbili- cal artery. J Reprod Med 1999;44:346–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jassani MN, Brennan N, Merkatz IR. Antenatal sonographic diagnosis of single umbilical artery. J Clin Ultrasound 1980;8:447–8
   Google Scholar
• Jeanty P. Fetaland funicularvascularanomalies: identificationwith prenatal ultrasound. Radiology 1989;173:367–70
   Google Scholar
• Jauniaux E, Campbell S, Vyas S. The use of color Doppler imaging for prenatal diagnosis of umbilical cord anoma- lies: report of three cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:1195–7
   Google Scholar
• Sepulveda W, Peek MJ, Hassan J, Hollingsworth J. Umbilical vein to artery ratio in fetuses with single umbilical artery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:23–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauniaux E. The single arteryumbilicalcord: isitworthscreen- ing for antenatally? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:75–6
   Google Scholar
• Weissman A, Jakobi P, Bronshtein M, Goldstein I. Sono- graphicmeasurementsof the umbilicalcordand vesselsduring normal pregnancies. J Ultrasound Med 1994;13:11–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCatte L, Burrini D, Mares C,Waterschoot T. Singleumbili- cal artery: analysis of Doppler flow indices and arterial dia- meters in normal and small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:27–30
   Google Scholar
• Nadasy GL, Monos E, Mohacsi E, CselpiJ,KovachAG. Effect of increased luminal blood flow on the development of the human arterial wall. Comparison of mechanical properties of double and single umbilical arteries in vitro. Blood Vessels 1981;18:139
   Google Scholar
• Lees C, Albaiges G,Deane C,Parra M, Nicolaides KH. Assessment ofumbilicalarterialand venousflowusing colorDoppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;14:250–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cameron A, Nicholson S, Nimrod C, Harder J, Davies D, Dempster C, Garvey P. Duplex ultrasonography of the fetal aorta, umbilical artery, and placental arcuate artery through- out normal human pregnancy. J Can Assoc Radiol 1989; 40:145–9
   Google Scholar
• Ulm B, Ulm MR, Deutinger N, Bernaschek G. Umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in fetuses with a single umbilical artery. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:205–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montenegro N, Matias A,Brandao O, Leite LP. Singleumbili- cal artery: correlation of ultrasonography and Doppler blood flow analysis with perinatal outcome. J Matern Fetal Invest 1993;3:233–7
   Google Scholar