References
- Robertson WB, Brosens I, Dixon G. Uteroplacental vascular pathology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1975;5:47�65
- Rolschau J. Infarctions and intervillous thrombosis in placenta, and their association with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1978;72:22�7
- Rayne SC, Kraus FT. Placental thrombi and other vascular lesions. Classification, morphology, and clinical correlations. Pathol Res Pract 1993;189:2�17
- SalafiaCM, MiniorVK, Pezzullo JC, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction in infants of less than thirty-two weeks� gestation: associated placental pathologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1049�57
- Arias F, Romero R, Joist H, et al. Thrombophilia:amechanism of disease in women with adverse pregnancy outcome and thrombotic lesions in the placenta. J Matern Fetal Med 1998; 7:277�86
- Mitra SC, Seshan SV, Riachi LE. Placental vessel morphometry in growth retardation and increased resistance of the umbilical artery Doppler flow. J Matern Fetal Med 2000;9: 282�6
- Many A, Schreiber L, Rosner S, et al. Pathologic features of the placenta in women with severe pregnancy complications and thrombophilia. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:1041�4
- Narayanan S.Multifunctionalroles of thrombin.Ann Clin Lab Sci 1999;29:275�80
- Dati F, Pelzer H, Wagner C. Relevance of markers of hemostasis activation in obstetrics/gynecology and pediatrics. Semin Thromb Hemost 1998;24:443�8
- Bellart J, Gilabert R, Fontcuberta J, et al. Coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth retardation.Am J Perinatol 1998;15:81�5
- Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. The ultrastructure of the arterial supply of the human placenta in pregnancy complicated by fetal growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976;83:948�59
- Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. An ultrastructural study of uteroplacental spiral arteries in hypertensive and normotensive pregnancy and fetal growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:695�705
- Hustin J, Foidart JM, Lambotte R. Maternal vascular lesions in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation: light microscopy and immunofluorescence. Placenta 1983;4:489�98
- Whigham KA, HowiePW,ShahMM, et al. Factor VIII related antigen/coagulant activity ratio as a predictor of fetal growth retardation: a comparison with hormone and uric acid measurements. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:797�803
- Fournie A, Monrozies M, Pontonnier G, et al. Factor VIII complex in normal pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and fetal growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:250�4
- Persson BL, Holmberg L, Astedt B, et al. Coagulation and fibrinolysis in pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1982;61:455�9
- Alfirevic Z, Roberts D, Martlew V. How strong is the association between maternal thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcome?Asystematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2002;101:6�14
- de Vries JI, Dekker GA, Huijgens PC, et al. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and protein S deficiency in complicated pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:1248�54
- Kupferminc MJ, Eldor A, Steinman N, et al. Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1999;340:9�13
- Leeda M, Riyazi N, de Vries JI, et al. Effects of folic acid and vitamin B6 supplementation on women with hyperhomocysteinemia and a history of preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:135�9
- Dizon-TownsonDS, Meline L, Nelson LM, et al. Fetal carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation are prone to miscarriage and placental infarction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:402�5
- Inbal A, Kenet G, Zivelin A, et al. Purpura fulminans induced by disseminated intravascular coagulation following infection in 2 unrelated children with double heterozygosity for factor V Leiden and protein S deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1997;77: 1086�9
- Manco-JohnsonMJ, Nuss R, Key N, et al. Lupus anticoagulant and protein S deficiency in children with postvaricella purpura fulminans or thrombosis. J Pediatr 1996;128:319�23
- Salomon O, Apter S, Shaham D, et al. Risk factors associated with postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1015�19
- van Boven HH, Vandenbroucke JP, Briet E, et al. Gene�gene and gene�environment interactions determine risk of thrombosis infamilies with inherited antithrombin deficiency. Blood 1999;94:2590�4
- Dudman NP, Wilcken DE, Wang J, et al. Disordered methionine/homocysteine metabolism in premature vascular disease. Its occurrence, cofactor therapy, and enzymology. Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:1253�60
- Kang SS, Wong PW, Norusis M. Homocysteinemia due to folate deficiency. Metabolism 1987;36:458�62
- Rosendaal FR. Venous thrombosis: a multicausal disease. Lancet 1999;353:1167�73
- Norris LA, Sheppard BL, Burke G, et al. Platelet activation in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101:209�14
- Wallenburg HC, van Kessel PH. Platelet life span in pregnancies resulting in small-for-gestational age infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;134:739�42
- Moe N. Anticoagulant therapy in the prevention of placental infarction and perinatal death. Obstet Gynecol 1982;58:481�3
- Gill BP, Bonnar J. Controlled study of subcutaneous heparin and dipyridamole in women at high risk to fetal growth retardation. InBonnar J,MacGilivray I, SymondsM, eds. Pregnancy Hypertension. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1980:577�80
- Riyazi N, Leeda M, de Vries JI, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin combined with aspirin in pregnant women with thrombophilia and a history of preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction: a preliminary study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;80:49�54
- Bar J, Cohen-Sacher B, Hod M, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin for thrombophilia in pregnant women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;69:209�13
- Kupferminc MJ, Fait G,Many A, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of obstetric complications in women with thrombophilia. Hypertension Pregnancy 2001;20: 35�44
- SibaiBM.Thrombophiliasand adverse outcomes of pregnancy� what should a clinician do? N Engl J Med 1999;340:50�2
- Lockwood CJ. Inherited thrombophilia in pregnant patients: detection and treatment paradigm. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99: 333�41
- Reinthaller A, Mursch-Edlmayr G, Tatra G. Thrombin� antithrombin III complex levels in normal pregnancy with hypertensive disorders and after delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:506�10
- Terao T, Maki M, Ikenoue T, et al. The relationship between clinical signs and hypercoagulable state in toxemia of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1991;31:74�85
- Schjetlein R, Haugen G, Wisloff F. Markers of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis in preeclampsia: association with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76:541�6
- SchjetleinR, AbdelnoorM, Haugen G, et al. Hemostatic variables as independent predictors for fetal growth retardation in preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999;78:191�7
- Halligan A, Bonnar J, Sheppard B, et al. Haemostatic, fibrinolytic and endothelial variables in normal pregnancies and pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:488�92
- Cadroy Y, Grandjean H, Pichon J, et al. Evaluation of six markers of haemostatic system in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by hypertension or pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:416�20
- Kobayashi T, Terao T. Preeclampsia as chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Study of two parameters: thrombin�antithrombin III complex and D-dimers. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1987;24:170�8
- Koh SC, Anandakumar C, Montan S, et al. Plasminogen activators, plasminogen activator inhibitors and markers of intravascular coagulation in pre-eclampsia. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1993;35:214�21
- Hayashi M, Numaguchi M, Ohkubo N, et al. Blood macrophage colony-stimulating factor and thrombin-antithrombin III complex concentrations in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am J Med Sci 1998;315:251�7
- Higgins JR, Walshe JJ, Darling MR, et al. Hemostasis in the uteroplacental and peripheral circulations in normotensive and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179:520�6
- Douglas JT, ShahM, Lowe GD, et al. Plasma fibrinopeptideA and beta-thromboglobulin in pre-eclampsia and pregnancy hypertension. Thromb Haemost 1982 26;47:54�5
- Borok Z, Weitz J, Owen J, et al. Fibrinogen proteolysis and platelet alpha-granule release in preeclampsia/eclampsia. Blood 1984;63:525�31
- Weiner CP. The mechanism of reduced antithrombin III activity in women with preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72:847�9
- Saleh AA, Bottoms SF, Farag AM, et al. Markers for endothelial injury, clotting and platelet activation in preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1992;251:105�10
- Bellart J, Gilabert R, Angles A, et al. Tissue factor levels and high ratio of fibrinopeptide A: D-dimer as a measure of endothelial procoagulant disorder in pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:594�7
- DreyfusM, Hedelin G, KutnahorskyR, et al.Antiphospholipid antibodies and preeclampsia: a case�control study. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:29�34