Mycoses associated with AIDS in the Third World

References

• Franco M. Host-parasite relationship in paracoccidioidomyco-sis. J Med Vet Mycol 1986; 25: 5–18.
   Google Scholar
• Sugar AM, Restrepo A, Stevens D. Paracoccidioidomycosis in the immunosupressed host: report of a case and review of the literature. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 129: 340–342.
   Google Scholar
• Marques SA, Shikanay-Yasuda MA. Paracoccidioidomycosis associated with immunosuppression, AIDS and cancer. In: Franco M, Lacaz CS, Restrepo-Moreno A, Del Negro G, eds. Paracoccidioidomycosis, 1st edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994: 393–405.
   Google Scholar
• Goldani LZ, Sugar AM. Paracoccidioidomycosis and AIDS: an overview. ain Infect Dis 1995; 12: 1275–1281.
   Google Scholar
• Fauci AS. The AIDS epidemic—considerations for the 21st Century. New Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1046–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Distribuicao dos casos de AIDS no Brasil 1980-1999. Boletim Epidemiologico AIDS—Ministerio da Saude do Brasil 1999; 12: 25–53.
   Google Scholar
• Minamoto GY, Rosemberg AS. Fungal infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Med ain North Am 1997; 81: 381–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldani LZ, Martinez CAM, Landell AAM, Coutinho V. Paracoccidioidomycosis in a patient with the acquired im-munodeficiency syndrome. Mycopathologia 1989; 105: 71–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakos L, Kronfeld M, Hampe S, Castro I, Zampese M. Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis with skin lesion in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20: 854–855.
   Google Scholar
• Pedro RJ, Aoki FJ, Bocatto RSBS, et al. Paracoccidioidomi-cose e infeccao pelo virus da imunodeficiencia humana. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1989; 31: 119–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marques SA, Contemo LO, Sgarbi LP, et al. Paracoccid-ioidomycosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syn-drome. Report of seven cases. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1995; 37: 261–265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lima MA, Silva-Vergara ML, Demachki S, Santos JAM. Paracoccidioidomicosis em paciente com a infeccao pelo virus da imunodeficiencia humana. Relato de necropsia. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1995; 28: 279–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santos FO, Silva N, Espinheira L, et al. Desenvolvimento de resistencia ao cotrimoxazol durante o tratamento de paracoc-cidioidomicose em paciente com SIDA. Rev Soc Br Med Trop 1995; 28 (Suppl. 1): 103.
   Google Scholar
• Segurado AAC, Artoga MPG, Santos SS, et al. Paracoccid-ioidomicose como manifestacao oportunista na evolucao da imunodeficiencia adquirida, relato de dois casos. Rev Soc Br Med Trop 1995; 28 (Suppl. 1): 232.
   Google Scholar
• Cinerman S, Bacha HA, Ladeira MCT, Silveira OS, Colombo AL. Paracoccidioidomycosis in a boy infected with HIV. Mycoses 1997; 40: 343–344.
   Google Scholar
• Nogueira SA, Caiuby J, Vasconcelos V, et al. Paracoccid-ioidomycosis and tuberculosis in AIDS patients: report of two cases in Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 1998; 2: 168–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santos JWA, Costa JM, Cechella M, Michel GT, Figueiredo WC, Londero AT. An unusual presentation of paracoccid-ioidomycosis in an AIDS patient: a case report. Mycopatholo-gia 1998; 142: 139–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nouer S, Ahneida YC, Aoki FH, Branchini ML, Papaior-danou PMO. Paracoccidioidomicose associada a AIDS. Re-lato de 10 casos. Program and Abstracts of the Congresso Brasileiro de Micologia. Rio de Janeiro: Brasil, 1998; Abstract MO.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira SR, Mendes RP. A case report of paracoccidioidomy-cosis (PBM) in an AIDS patient. Program and abstracts of the II Congresso Brasileiro de Micologia, Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de Micologia, 1998; Abstract A163.
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque Neto LL, Eulalio KD, Dantas LFS, Aita GA, Araujo RM, Silva DM. Paracoccidioidomicose simulando Mal de Pott em portador de SIDA. Rev Soc Br Med Trop 1999; 32 (Suppl. 1): 485.
   Google Scholar
• Maffei F, Ibrahim KI, Litvoc MN, et al. Paracoccidioidomi-cose pulmonar e adrenal em paciente infectado pelo virus HIV. Relato de caso. Rev Soc Med Trop 1999; 32 (Suppl. 1): 347.
   Google Scholar
• Lacaz CS, Porto E, Martins JE. Micologia Medica, 8th edn. Sao Paulo: Sarvier FIlitora, 1991: 248–297.
   Google Scholar
• Haddad DJ, Pires MFC, Petry TC, et al. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Lutz, 1908) isolado por meio de hemocultura em um paciente portador de Sindrome de imunodeficiencia Adquirida. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992; 34: 565–567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobon AM, Orozco B, Estrada S, et al. Paracoccidioidomyco-sis and AIDS: report of the first two Colombian cases. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1998; 40: 377–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heussel CP, Kauczor HU, Heussel G, Thelen M, Jahn B. Multiple renal aspergillus abscesses in an AIDS patient: Con-trast-enhanced helical CT and MRI findings. Eur Ew Radiol 1999; 9: 616–619.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson M, Warnock D. Fungal Infection Diagnosis and Management, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Denning D. State-of-the-art clinical article. Invasive asper-gillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 781–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo S, Denning D. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19 (Suppl. 1): S41–48.
   Google Scholar
• Negroni R. Micosis asociadas con el SIDA. En SIDA y enfermedades asociadas. Buenos Aires: Lopez Libreros Edi-tores, 1997: 233–238.
   Google Scholar
• Latgé JP. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin Micro-biol Rev Apr 1999; 30: 310–350.
   Google Scholar
• Maertens J, Verhagen J, Demuynck H, et al. Autopsy-con-trolled prospective evaluation of serial screening for circulating galactomannan by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hematological patients at risk for invasive aspergillosis. J Gun Microbiol 1999; 37: 3223–3228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viviani MA, Tortorano AM. Penicillium marneffei. In: Nell° L, Hay RJ, eds. Topley &Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th edn. London: Arnold, 1998: 409–419.
   Google Scholar
• Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K. Epidemiology and manage-ment of penicilliosis in human immunodeficiency virus-in-fected patients. Int .1 Infect Dis 1998; 3: 48–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chariyalertsak S, Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K, Praparat-tanapan J, Nelson KE. Case-control study of risk factors for Penicillium marneffei infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Northern Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 1080–1086.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton AJ, Jeavons L, Youngchim S, Vanittanakom N. Recognition of fibronectin by Penicillium marneffei conidia via a sialic acid-dependent process and its relationship to the interaction between conidia and laminin. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 5200–5205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudeken N, Kawakami K, Saito A. Cytokine-induceid fungici-dal activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes against Penicillium marneffei. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999; 26: 115–124.
   Google Scholar
• Drouhet E. Penicilliosis due to Penicillium marneffei. A new emerging systemic mycosis in AIDS patients travelling or living in Southeast Asia. Review of 44 cases reported in HIV infected patients during the last 5 years compared to 44 cases of non AIDS patients reported over 20 years. J Mycol Med 1993; 4: 195–224.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper CR. From bamboo rats to humans: the odyssey of Penicillium marneffei. ASM News 1998; 64: 390–397.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman L, Standard PG, Anderson SA, Jalbert M, Swisher BL. Development of specific fluorescent-antibody test for tis-sue form of Penicillium marneffei. J Gun Microbiol 1995; 33: 2136–2138.
   Google Scholar
• Vanittanakom N, Merz WG, Sittisombut N. Specific identifi-cation of Penicillium marneffei by a polymerase chain reaction/ hybridization technique. Med Mycol 1998; 36: 169–175.
   Google Scholar
• Sekhon AS, Li JSK, Garg AK. Penicilliosis marneffei: serolog-ical and exoantigen studies. Mycopathology 1982; 77: 51–57.
   Google Scholar
• Van Cutsem J, Meulemans L, Van Gerven F, Stynen D. Detection of circulating galactomannan by Pastorex Asper-gillus in experimental invasive aspergillosis. Mycoses 1990; 33: 61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimek D, Zimmermann T, Hartmann M, Prariyachatigul C, Kappe R. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in an HIV-positive female from Thailand in Germany. Mycoses 1999; 42 (Suppl. 2): 25–28.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman L, Standard PG, Jalbert M. Diagnostic antigenemia tests for penicilliosis marneffei. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2503–2505.
   Google Scholar
• Cao L, Chan KM, Chen D, et al. Detection of cell wall mannoprotein Mplp in culture supernatants of Penicillium marneffei and in sera of penicilliosis patients. J Gun Microbiol 1999; 37: 981–986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desakorn V, Smith MD, Walsh AL, et al. Diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection by quantitation of urinary anti-gen by using an enzyme immunoassay. J Gun Microbiol 1999; 37: 117–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supparatpinyo K, Perriens J, Nelson KE, Sirisanthana T. A controlled trial of itraconazole to prevent relapse of Penicil- huminfection in patients infected with the humanimmunodeficiency virus. New Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1739–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K, Perriens J, Nelson KE. Amphotericin B and itraconazole for treatment of dissemi-nated Penicillium marneffei infection in human immunodefi-ciency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1107–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aly R, Berger T. Common superficial fungal infections in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22 (Suppl. 2): S128–S132.
   Google Scholar
• Elmets CA. Management of common superficial fungal infec-tions in patients with AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: S60–S63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez Bussi RA. Micosis con manifestaciones cutaneas en pacientes con SIDA. Program and Abstracts of the VII Con-gresso Argentino de Micologia, Rosario, Argentina. Buenos Aires: Sociedade Argentina de Micologia, 1995: 16.
   Google Scholar
• Lobrone JP, Lazare K, Medard FT, Zekeng L. Clinical and biological study of superficial mycoses in AIDS patients in Yaounde. Program and Abstracts of the 12th International Conference on AIDS, Geneva. Geneva: World Health Organi-zation, 1998: Abstract 31218.
   Google Scholar
• Weismann K, Knudsen EA, Pedersen C. White nails in AIDS/ ARC due to Trichophyton rubrum infection. Clin Exp Derma-tol 1988; 13: 24–25.
   Google Scholar
• Dompmartin D, Dompmartin A, Deluol AM, Grosshans E, Couland JP. Onychomycosis in AIDS: Clinical and laboratory findings in 62 patients. Int J Dermatol 1990; 29: 337–339.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory N. Special patient populations: onychomycosis in the HIV positive patient. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35: S13–S16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuetara MS, Die Palacio A, Noriega AR, Picazo JJ, Costa R, Rubio R. The value of superficial yeast cultures in HIV patients with mycoses. In: Program and Abstracts of the Inter-national Conference of Intersciences. San Francisco: Antimi-crobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1995: Abstract 213.
   Google Scholar
• Pereiro M, Losada A, Toribio J. Adherence of Candida albi-cans strains isolated from AIDS patients. Comparison with pathogenic yeasts isolated from patients without HIV infec-tion. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137: 76–80.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Dupla M, Mora-Sanz P, Pintado-Garcia V, et al. Clin-ical, endoscopic, immunologic and therapeutic aspects of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in HIV infected patients: a survey of 114 cases. An J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 1771-1776.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Machin G, Perurena-Lancha N, Nufiez-Carbajal J, Fernandez-Andreu CN, Baudera-Tirado F. Isolation, identifi-cation and typing of yeast from HIV positive patients with oral candidiasis. Rev Cabana Med Trop 1997; 49: 174–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Histoplasmosis. In: Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE, eds. Medical Mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1992: 464–513.
   Google Scholar
• Negroni R. Classical histoplasmosis. In: De Vroey CH, Gatti F, eds. Human Mycoses in Tropical Countries. Health Cooper-ation Papers, Vol. 8. Bologna: Associazione Italiana Amici de R. Follearau, 1990: 203–210.
   Google Scholar
• Wu-Hsieh Y, Howard H. Histoplasmosis. In: Murphy J, Friedman H, Hbendinelli M, eds. Fungal Infections and Im-mune Responses. New York: Plenum Press, 1993: 213–250.
   Google Scholar
• George RB, Penn RL. Histoplasmosis. In: Sarosi G, Davies S, eds. Fungal Diseases of the Lung. New York: Raven Press, 1993: 39–50.
   Google Scholar
• Bullock WE. Histoplasma capsulatum. In: Mandell G, Douglas JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th edn. New York: Churchill Livingston, 1995: 2340–2353.
   Google Scholar
• Tewari R, Wheat U, Aiello L. Agents of histoplasmosis. In: Ajello L, Hay R, eds. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th edn. London: Arnold, 1998:373–393.
   Google Scholar
• Wheat LJ, Slama TG, Zeckel ML. Histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1985; 78: 203–210.
   Google Scholar
• Wheat U. Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis in individ-uals with AIDS. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1994; 8: 467–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negroni R, Robles AM, Arechavala A, Taborda A. Histoplas-mosis diseminada en pacientes con SIDA, su evoluci6n y tratamiento. Rev Argent Micologia 1991; 14: 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Negroni R, Iovannitti C, Arechavala A, Camovale S, Euguchi K. Preparación y estudio de un exoantigeno de la fase levadu-riforme de Histoplasma capsulaturn para reacciones serológi-cas. Rev Iberoamer Micol 1998; 15: 282–285.
   Google Scholar
• Arechavala A, Euguchi K, Iovannitti C, Negroni R. Utilidad del enzimoinmunoensayopara el serodiagn6stico de histoplas-mosis asociada al S1DA. Rev Argent Micol 1997; 20: 24–28.
   Google Scholar
• Wheat LJ. Histoplasma capsulatum. In: Yu V, Merigan TC, Barriere SL, eds. Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines. Balti-more: William & Wilkins, 1999: 1109–1113.
   Google Scholar
• Bava Al, Negroni R. Caracteristicas epidemiol6gicas de 105 casos de criptococosis diagnosticados en la Republica Ar-gentina entre 1981-1990. Rev Inst Med Trop Siio Paulo 1992; 34: 335–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez CE, Ramos LL. Hallazgos micológicos en materiales provenientes de pacientes HIV ( + ). Rev Argent Micol 1997; 20: 16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Bava AJ, Negroni R, Arechavala A, Robles AM, Bianchi M. Cryptococcosis associated with AIDS in the Mufliz Hospital of Buenos Aires. Mycopathologia 1997; 140: 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez A, Parhuana A, Vasquez M, Simon P, Castro J. Meningitis criptocococica y sindrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. An Fac Med (Peru) 1996; 57: 98–102.
   Google Scholar
• Ord6fiez N, Torrado E, Castaileda E. Criptococosis meningea de 1990 a 1995: hallazgos de laboratorio. Biomedica 1996; 16: 93–97.
   Google Scholar
• Darzé C, Lucena R, Gomes I, Melo A. Caracteristicas clinicas laboratoriais de 104 casos de meningoencefalite criptocócica. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000; 33: 21–26.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell TG, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS - 100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 515–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speed B, Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infec-tions with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 8: 28–34.
   Google Scholar
• Capece P, Casanova N, Raffo L, Gammella D, Bava Al. Criptococosis asociada al SIDA en el Hospital Posadas: estu-dio de 30 casos. Rev Argent Micol 1997; 20: 20–23.
   Google Scholar
• Helou S, Robles AM, Arechavala A, Bianchi MI, Negroni R. Criptococcisis respiratoria en pacientes VIH positivos. Rev Iberoam Micol 1999; 16: 126–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calvo B, Fischman 0, Pignatari A, Del Bianco R, Zaror R. Variants and serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans in patients with AIDS and neurocryptococcosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Siio Paulo 1990; 32: 480–482.
   Google Scholar
• Bava Al, Negroni R, Robles AM, et al. Caracteristicas epi-demiológicas de 71 casos de criptococosis diagnosticados en diferentes centros assistenciales de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y alrekledores durante 1991. Infect Microbiol Clin 1992; 4: 85–89.
   Google Scholar
• Rozenbaum R, Rios-Goncalves Al, Wanke B, et al. Crypto-coccus neoformans varieties as agents of cryptococcosis in Brazil. Arq Bras Med 1992; 66: 261–263.
   Google Scholar
• Padhye AA, Chakrabarti A, Chander J, Kaufman L. Crypto-coccus neoformans var. gattii in India. J Med Vet Mycol 1993; 31: 165–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavalcanti MAS. Criptococose e seu agente etiológico no Meio Norte, Estados do Piaui e Maranhao, Brasil. PhD thesis. Institut° Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes OFL, Costa TR, Costa MR, Soares AJ, Pereira AJSC, Silva MRR. Cryptococcus neoformans isolados de pa-cientes com AIDS. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000; 33: 75–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreira MS, Borges AS, Barbosa HMR, et al. Criptococose: estudo de 82 casos observados na regiao do Triangulo Mineiro. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000; 33 (Suppl. 1): 456.
   Google Scholar
• Almeida AMF. Andlise do cariótipo eletroforético de difer-entes amostras de Cryptococcus neoformans e correlacão com suscetibilidade a drogas antiffingicas. Master's dissertation. Institut° de Quanica da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Kapend'a K, Komichelo K, Swine D, Vandepitte J. Meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in a Zairean AIDS patient. Eur J Gun Microbiol 1987; 6: 320–321.
   Google Scholar
• Rozenbaum R, Rios-Goncalves AJ, Wanke B, Vieira W. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in a Brazilian AIDS pa-tient. Mycopathologia 1990; 112: 33–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaerts J, Taelman H, Batungwanayo J, Van de Perre P, Swinne D. Two cases of HIV-associated cryptococcosis due to the variety gattii in Rwanda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87: 63–64.
   Google Scholar
• Castefión-Olivares LR, Lopez-Martinez R, Barriga-Angulo G, Rios-Rosas C. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an AIDS patient: first observation in Mexico. J Med Vet Mycol 1997; 35: 57–59.
   Google Scholar
• Severo LC, Oliveira FM, Londero AT. Cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in Brazilian patients with AIDS. Report of three cases. Rev Iberoam Micol 1999; 16: 152–154.
   Google Scholar
• St-German G, Noel G, Kwon-Chung KJ. Disseminated cryp-tococcosis due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in a Canadian patient with AIDS. Eur J Gun Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7: 587–588.
   Google Scholar
• Clancy MN, Fleischmann J, Howard DH, Kwon-Chung KJ, Shimizu RY. Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans gattii from a patient with AIDS in southern California. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 809.
   Google Scholar
• Peetermans W, Bobbaers H, Verhaegen J, Vandepitte J. Flu-conazole-resistant Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an AIDS patient. Acta Clin Belg 1993; 48: 405–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speed BR, Strwbridge L, Ellis DH. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis in an Australian patient with AIDS. J Med Vet Mycol 1993; 31: 395–399.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham M, Mathews V, Ganesh A, John TJ, Mathews MS. Infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype in an AIDS patient in India. J Med Vet Mycol 1997; 35: 283–284.
   Google Scholar
• Montagna MT, Tortorano AM, Fiori L, Ingletti AM, Barbuti S. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii en Italie. Note I. Pre-mier cas autochtone de méningite a serotype B chez un sujet VIH positif. J Mycol Med 1997; 7: 90–92.
   Google Scholar
• Marriott DJE, Speed BR, Spelman D, Shaw D, French M, Harkness JL. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii infection in Australian HIV-infected patients: a review of seven cases. Third International Conference on Cryptococcus and Ctypto-coccosis, September 22–26, 1996, Paris. Paris: Institut Pasteur, 1996: Abstract 3.10.
   Google Scholar
• Lazéra MS, Pires FDA, Camillo-Coura L, et al. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in decay-ing wood forming hollows in living trees. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 127–131.
   Google Scholar
• Fromtling RA, Abruzzo GK, Ruiz A. Virulence and antifun-gal susceptibility of environmental and clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from Puerto Rico. Mycopathologia 1989; 106: 163–166.
   Google Scholar
• Franzot SP, Hamdan JS, Currie BP, Casadevall A. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans in Brazil and the United States: evidence for both local genetic differences and a global clonal population structure. J Gun Microbiol 1997; 35: 2243–2251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar