Early life sexual abuse as a risk factor for crack cocaine use in a sample of community-recruited women at high risk for illicit drug use

REFERENCES

• Watts W.D., Ellis A.M. Sexual Abuse and Drinking and Drug Use: Implications for Prevention. J. Drug Educ. 1993; 23: 183–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembo R., Williams L., Wish E.D., Berry E., Getreu A., Washburn M., Schmeidler J. The Relationship Between Physical and Sexual Abuse and Illicit Drug Use: A Replication Among a New Sample of Youths Entering a Juvenile Detention Center. Int. J. Addict. 1988; 23: 1101–1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes W.C. Association Between A History of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Subsequent Adolescent Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder in a Sample of HIV Seropositive Men. J. Adolesc. Health 1997; 20: 414–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison P.A., Hoffman N.G., Edwall G.E. Differential Drug Use Patterns Among Sexually Abused Adolescent Girls in Treatment for Chemical Dependency. Int. J. Addict. 1989; 24: 499–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paone D., Chavkin W., Willets I., Friedmann P., Des Jarlais D. The Impact of Sexual Abuse: Implications for Drug Treatment. J. Women's Health 1992; 1: 149–153
   Google Scholar
• Briere J., Runtz M. Post Sexual Abuse Trauma: Data and Implications for Clinical Practice. J. Interpersonal Violence 1987; 2: 367–379
   Google Scholar
• Roesler T.A., Dafler C.E. Chemical Dissociation in Adults Sexually Victimized as Children: Alcohol and Drug Use in Adult Survivors. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1993; 10: 537–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allers C.T., Benjack K.J. Connections Between Childhood Abuse and HIV Infection. J. Counseling Development 1991; 70: 309–313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsen L.W., Harlow L.L. Childhood Sexual Abuse Linked with Adult Substance Use, Victimization, and AIDS-Risk. AIDS Educ. Prev. 1996; 8: 44–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley J., Kern D.E., Kolodner K., , et al. Clinical Characteristics of Women with a History of Childhood Abuse: Unhealed Wounds. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1997; 277: 1362–1368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-Rivas V., Fiorentine R., Anglin M.D., Taylor E. Sexual and Physical Abuse: Do They Compromise Drug Treatment Outcomes?. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1997; 14: 351–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown G.R., Anderson B. Psychiatric Morbidity in Adult Inpatients with Childhood Histories of Sexual and Physical Abuse. Am. J. Psychiatry 1991; 148: 55–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root M.P.P. Treatment Failures: The Role of Sexual Victimization in Women's Addictive Behavior. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 1989; 59: 542–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teets J.M. Childhood Sexual Trauma of Chemically Dependent Women. J. Psychoactive Drugs 1995; 27: 231–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benward J., Densen-Gerber J. Incest as a Causative Factor in Antisocial Behavior: an Exploratory Study. Contemp. Drug Prob. 1975; 4: 323–340
   Google Scholar
• Boyd C.J. The Antecedents of Women's Crack Cocaine Abuse: Family Substance Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Depression and Illicit Drug Use. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1993; 10: 433–438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen F.S., Densen-Gerber J. A Study of the Relationship Between Child Abuse and Drug Addiction in 178 Patients: Preliminary Results. Child Abuse Negl. 1982; 6: 383–387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohsenow D.J., Corbett R., Devine D. Molested as Children: a Hidden Contribution to Substance Abuse?. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1988; 5: 13–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian E.J. The Self-Medication Hypothesis of Addictive Disorders: Focus on Heroin and Cocaine Dependence. Am. J. Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1259–1264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda R., Galanter M., Franco H. Self-Medication Among Addicts with Primary Psychiatric Disorders. Compr. Psychiatry 1989; 30: 80–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss R.D., Griffin M.L., Mirin S.M. Drug Abuse as Self-Medication for Depression: an Empirical Study. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1992; 18: 121–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowan A.B., Foy D.W., Rodriguez N., Ryan S. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in a Clinical Sample of Adults Sexually Abused as Children. Child Abuse Negl. 1994; 18: 51–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astin M.C., Ogland-Hand S.M., Coleman E.M., Fay D.S. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Childhood Abuse in Battered Women: Comparisons with Maritally Distressed Women. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1995; 63: 308–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady K.T., Killeen T., Saladin M.E., Dansky B.S., Becker S. Comorbid Substance Abuse and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Characteristics of Women in Treatment. Am. J. Addict. 1994; 3: 160–164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady K.T., Dansky B.S., Sonne S.C., Saladin M.E. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cocaine Dependence: Order of Onset. Am. J. Addict. 1998; 7: 128–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox J.A., Briones D.F., Suess L. Substance Abuse, Post-traumatic Stress, and Ethnicity. J. Psychoactive Drugs 1991; 23: 83–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman D.A., Havassy B.E., Boles S.M. Traumatic Events and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Cocaine Users Entering Private Treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997; 46: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross C.A., Kronson J., Koensgen S., Barkman K., Clark P., Rockman G. Dissociative Comorbidity in 100 Chemically Dependent Patients. Hospital Community Psychiatry 1992; 43: 840–842
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Najavits L.M., Weiss R.D., Shaw S.R. The Link Between Substance Abuse and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Women: a Research Review. Am. J. Addict. 1997; 6: 273–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane T.M., Gerardi R.J., Lyons J.A., , et al. The Interrelationship of Substance Abuse and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Epidemiological and Clinical Considerations. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, M. Galanter. Plenum Press, New York 1988; Vol. 6
   Google Scholar
• Grice D.E., Brady K.T., Dustan L.R., , et al. Sexual and Physical Assault History and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Substance-Dependent Individuals. Am. J. Addict. 1995; 4: 297–305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M.I., Petchers M.K., Hussey D. The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Substance Abuse Among Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 1989; 13: 319–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters J.K., Biernacki P. Targeted Sampling: Options for the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problems 1989; 36: 416–430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needle R., Fisher D.G., Weatherby N.L., Chitwood D., Brown B., Cesari H., Booth R., Williams M.L., Watters J., Andersen M., Braunstein M. The Reliability of Self-Reported HIV Risk Behaviors of Drug Users. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 1995; 9: 242–250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling-Guyer S., Johnson M., Fischer D., Needle R., Watters J., Andersen M., Williams M.L., Kotranski L., Booth R., Rhodes F., Weatherby N., Estrada A., Fleming D., Deren S., Tortu S. Reliability of Drug Users' Self-Reported HIV Risk Behaviors and Validity of Self-Reported Recent Drug Use. Psychol. Assess. 1994; 1: 383–392
   Google Scholar
• Weatherby N.L., Needle R., Cesari H., Booth R., McCoy C.B., Watters J.K., Williams M., Chitwood D.D., Tortu S., Deren S., Davis W.R. Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use Among Injection Drug Users and Crack Cocaine Users Recruited Through Street Outreach. Evaluation and Program Planning 1994; 17: 347–355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOVA Research Company. WHEEL Project: Program Outcome Evaluation; Progress as of 6/3/93; Bethesda, Maryland, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Feucht T.E., Stephens R.C., Sullivan T.S. Handbook on Risk of AIDS: Injection Drug Users and Sexual Partners, R.S. Brown, G.M. Beschner. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut 1993
   Google Scholar
• Tortu S., Beardsley M., Deren S., Davis W.R. The Risk of HIV Infection in a National Sample of Women with Injection Drug-Using Partners. Am. J. Public Health 1994; 84: 1243–1249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilcoat H.D., Breslau N. Investigations of Causal Pathways Between PTSD and Drug Use Disorders. Addict. Behav. 1998; 23: 827–840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen P.E., Martin J.L., Anderson J.C., Romans S.E., Herbison G.P. The Effect of Child Sexual Abuse on Social, Interpersonal and Sexual Function in Adult Life. Br. J. Psychiatry 1994; 165: 35–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell D.E.H. The Secret Trauma: Incest in the Lives of Girls and Women. Basic Books, New York 1986
   Google Scholar
• Finkelhor D. Sexually Victimized Children. The Free Press, New York 1979
   Google Scholar
• Fromuth M.E. The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse with Later Psychological and Sexual Adjustment in a Sample of College Women. Child Abuse Negl. 1986; 10: 5–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne A., Finkelhor D. Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: a Review of the Research. Psychol. Bull. 1986; 99: 66–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedney M.A., Brooks B. Factors Associated with a History of Childhood Sexual Experience in a Nonclinical Female Population. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 1984; 23: 215–218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai M., Feldman-Summers S., Edgar M. Childhood Molestation: Variables Related to Differential Impacts on Psychosexual Functioning in Adult Women. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1979; 88: 407–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson J.C., Martin J.L., Mullen P.E., Romans S.E., Herbison G.P. The Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Abuse Experiences in a Community Sample of Women. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1993; 32: 911–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson D.M., Lynskey M.T., Horwood L.J. Childhood Sexual Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders in Young Adulthood. Part I: the Prevalence of Sexual Abuse and the Factors Associated with Sexual Abuse. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1996; 35: 1355–1364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom C.S., Ames M.A. Criminal Consequences of Childhood Sexual Victimization. Child Abuse Negl. 1994; 18: 303–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farber E.D., Kinast C., McCoard W.D., Falkner D. Violence in Families of Adolescent Runaways. Child Abuse Negl. 1984; 8: 295–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler K.A., Hoyt D.R., Whitbeck L.B. The Effects of Early Sexual Abuse on Later Sexual Victimization Among Female Homeless and Runaway Adolescents. J. Interpersonal Violence 2000; 15: 235–250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene J.M., Ennett S.T., Ringwalt C.L. Substance Use Among Runaway and Homeless Youth in Three National Samples. Am. J. Public Health 1997; 87: 229–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert L., EI-Bassel N., Schilling R.F., Friedman E. Childhood Abuse as a Risk for Partner Abuse Among Women in Methadone Maintenance. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1997; 23: 581–595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander P.C., Lupfer S.L. Family Characteristics and Long-Term Consequences Associated with Sexual Abuse. Arch. Sex Behav. 1987; 16: 235–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansky B.S., Brady K.T., Saladin M.E. Untreated Symptoms of PTSD Among Cocaine-Dependent Individuals: Changes Over Time. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1998; 15: 499–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin K.L., Edlin B.R., Wong L., Faruque S., McCoy H.V., Word C., Schilling R., McCoy C.B., Evans P.E., Holmberg S.D. Urban Rape Survivors: Characteristics and Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995; 85: 330–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zierler S., Witbeck B., Mayer K. Sexual Violence Against Women Living With or at Risk for HIV Infection. Am. J. Prev. Med. 1996; 12: 304–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullilove M.T., Lown E.A., Fullilove R.E. Crack 'hos and Skeezers: Traumatic Experiences of Women Crack Users. J. Sex Res. 1992; 29: 275–287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgois P., Dunlap E. Exorcising Sex-For-Crack: and Ethnographic Perspective from Harlem. Crack Pipe as Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex-for Crack Exchanges, M.S. Ratner. Lexington Books, New York 1993; 67–132
   Google Scholar
• Feiring C., Taska L.S., Lewis M. Social Support and Children's and Adolescents' Adaptation to Sexual Abuse. J. Interpersonal Violence 1998; 13: 240–260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray K.C., Jackson J.L. Family Environment and Childhood Sexual Victimization: a Test of the Buffering Hypothesis. J. Interpersonal Violence 1997; 12: 3–17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidycz C.A., Koss M.P. The Impact of Adolescent Sexual Victimization: Standardized Measures of Anxiety, Depression, and Behavioral Deviancy. Violence Vict. 1989; 4: 139–149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ouimette P.C., Brown P.J., Najavits L.M. Course and Treatment of Patients With both Substance Use and Post-traumatic Stress Disorders. Addict. Behav. 1998; 23: 785–795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansky B.S., Roitzsch J.C., Brady K.T., Saladin M.E. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Abuse: Use of Research in a Clinical Setting. J. Trauma Stress 1997; 10: 141–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nace E.P. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Abuse: Clinical Issues. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, M. Galanter. Plenum Press, New York 1988; 9–26
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan J.M., Evans K. Integrated Treatment for the Survivor of Childhood Trauma who is Chemically Dependent. J. Psychoactive Drugs 1994; 26: 369–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triffleman E., Carroll K., Kellogg S. Substance Dependence Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Therapy: an Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Approach. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1999; 17: 3–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown P.J., Stout R.L., Gannon-Rowley J. Substance Use Disorder-PTSD Comorbidity: Patients' Perceptions of Symptom Interplay and Treatment Issues. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1998; 15: 445–448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar