REFERENCES
- Blum K., Nobel E.P., Sheridan P.J., Montgomery A., Ritchie T., Jagadeeswaran P., Nogami H., Briggs A.H., Cohn J.B. Allelic Association of Human Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene in Alcoholism. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1990; 263: 2055–2060
- Conrad P. Public Eyes and Private Genes: Historical Frames, News Constructions, and Social Problems. Soc. Probl. 1997; 44: 139–154
- Bolos A.M., Dean M., Lucas-Derse S., Ramsburg M., Brown G.L., Goldman D. Population and Pedigree Studies Reveal a Lack of Association Between the Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene and Alcoholism. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1990; 264: 3156–3160, [CROSSREF]
- White M. Are You in Control?. ABC News, New York 2000, June 7
- Cook C.C.H., Palsson G., Turner A., Holmes D., Brett P., Curtis D., Petursson H., Gurling H.M.D. A Genetic Linkage Study of the D2 Dopamine Receptor Locus in Heavy Drinking and Alcoholism. Br. J. Psychiatry 1996; 169: 243–248, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Finckh U., von Widdern O., Giraldo-Velasquez M., Podschus J., Dufeu P., Sander T., Harms H., Schmidt L.G., Rommelspacher H., Rolfs A. No Association of the Structural D2 Receptor (DRD2) Variation 311Cys with Alcoholism. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1996; 20: 528–532, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Gelernter J., Kranzler J. D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene (DRD2) Allele and Haplotype Frequencies in Alcohol Dependent and Control Subjects: No Association with Phenotype Or Severity of Phenotype. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 20: 640–649, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Goldman D., Urbanek M., Guenther D., Robin R., Long J.C. A Functionally Deficient DRD2 Variant [Ser311Cys] is Not Linked to Alcoholism and Substance Abuse. Alcohol 1998; 16: 47–52, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Lee J.-F., Lu R.-B., Ko H.C., Chang F.-M., Shih-Juin Y., Pakstis A.J., Kidd K.K. No Association Between DRD2 Locus and Alcoholism After Controlling for ADH and ALDH Genotypes in Chinese Han Population. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1999; 23: 592–599, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- McAneny L. Drinking a Cause of Family Problems for Three out of Ten Americans. Gallup Poll Release. Gallup News Service, Princeton, NJ 1997, June 6
- Sutcliffe J.G. mRNA in the Mammalian Central Nervous System. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1988; 11: 157–198, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Schork N.J., Schork C.M. Issues and Strategies in the Genetic Analysis of Alcoholism and Related Addictive Behaviors. Alcohol 1998; 16: 71–83, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- McGue M. The Biological Genetics of Alcoholism. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 1999; 8: 109–115, [CROSSREF]
- Cotton N.S. The Familial Incidence of Alcoholism. J. Stud. Alcohol 1979; 40: 89–116, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Stabenau J.R., Hesselbrock V.M. Family Pedigree of Alcoholic and Control Patients. Int. J. Addict. 1983; 18: 351–363, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Kendler K.S., Neale M.C., Heath A.C., Kessler R.C., Eaves L.J. A Twin-Family Study of Alcoholism in Women. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994; 151: 707–715, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Kendler K.S., Neale M.C., Kessler R.C., Heath A.C., Eaves L.J. A Test of the Equal-Environment Assumption in Twin Studies of Psychiatric Illness. Behav. Genet. 1993; 23: 21–27, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- LaBuda M.C., Svikis D.S., Pickens R.W. Twin Closeness and Co-Twin Risk for Substance Use Disorders: Assessing the Impact of the Equal Environment Assumption. Psychiatry Res. 1997; 70: 155–164, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Rose R.J., Kaprio J., Williams C.J., Viken R., Obremski K. Social Contact and Sibling Similarity: Facts, Issues, and Red Herrings. Behav. Genet. 1990; 20: 763–778, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Walters G.D., White T.W. Heredity and Crime: Bad Genes Or Bad Research?. Criminology 1989; 27: 455–485
- Goodwin D.W., Schulsinger F., Hermansen L., Guze S.B., Winokur G. Alcohol Problems in Adoptees Raised Apart From Alcoholic Biological Parents. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1973; 28: 238–243, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Goodwin D.W., Schulsinger F., Knop J., Mednick S., Guze S.B. Alcoholism and Depression in Adopted-Out Daughters of Alcoholics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1977; 34: 751–755, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Murray R.M., Clifford C.A., Gurling H.M.D. Twin and Adoption Studies: How Good is the Evidence for a Genetic Risk?. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, M. Galanter. Plenum, New York 1983; Vol. 1: 25–48
- Bohman M., Sigvardsson S., Cloninger C.R. Maternal Inheritance of Alcohol Abuse: Cross-Fostering Analysis of Adopted Women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1981; 38: 965–969, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Sigvardsson S., Bohman M., Cloninger C.R. Replication of the Stockholm Adoption Study of Alcoholism: Confirmatory Cross-Fostering Analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1996; 53: 681–687, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Lester D. The Heritability of Alcoholism: Science and Social Policy. Current Issues in Alcohol/Drug Studies. Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY 1989; 29–68
- Cadoret R.J., Cain C.A., Grove W.M. Development of Alcoholism in Adoptees Raised Apart From Alcoholic Biologic Relatives. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1980; 37: 561–563, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Cadoret R.J., Troughton E., O'Gorman T.W., Heywood E. An Adoption Study of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Drug Abuse. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1986; 43: 1131–1136, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Searles J.S. The Genetics of Alcoholism: Impact on Family and Sociological Models of Addiction. Fam. Dyn. Addict. 1991; 1: 8–21
- Hill S.Y., Smith T.R. Evidence for Genetic Mediation of Alcoholism in Women. J. Subst. Abuse 1991; 3: 159–174, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Pickens P.W., Svikis D.S. Genetic Contributions to Alcohol Diagnosis. Alcohol Health Res. World 1991; 15: 272–277
- Walters G.D. A Meta-analysis of the Gene–Crime Relationship. Criminology 1992; 30: 595–613
- van den Bree M.B.M., Johnson E.O., Neale M.C., Svikis D.S., McGue M., Pickens R.W. Genetic Analysis of Diagnostic Systems of Alcoholism in Males. Biol. Psychiatry 1998; 43: 139–145, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Gottesman I.I., Carey G. Extracting Meaning and Direction From Twin Data. Psychiatr. Dev. 1983; 1: 35–50, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Hedges L.V., Olkin I. Statistical Methods of Meta-analysis. Academic Press, New York 1985
- Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L., Jackson G.B. Cumulating Research Findings Across Studies. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 1982
- Fleiss J.L. Measures of Effect Size for Categorical Data. The Handbook of Research Synthesis, H. Cooper, L.V. Hedges. Russell Sage, New York 1994; 245–260
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, (1985). Alcoholism: An inherited disease. DHHS Publication No. ADM 85-1426.
- Heath A.C. Genetic Influences on Alcoholism Risk: A Review of Adoption and Twin Studies. Alcohol Health Res. World 1995; 19: 166–171
- Wilson J.R., Crowe L. Genetics of Alcoholism: Can and Should Youth at Risk Be Identified?. Alcohol Health Res. World 1991; 15: 11–17
- Heath A.C., Bucholz K.K., Madden A.F., Dinwiddie S.H., Slutske W.S., Bierut L.J., Statham D.J., Dunne M.P., Whitfield J.B., Martin N.G. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Alcohol Dependence Risk in a National Twin Sample: Consistency of Findings in Women and Men. Psychol. Med. 1997; 27: 1381–1396, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Jang K.L., Livesley W.J., Vernon P.A. Gender-Specific Etiological Differences in Alcohol and Drug Problems: A Behavioural Genetic Analysis. Addiction 1997; 92: 1265–1276, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Maier W., Lichtermann, Minges J. The Relationship Between Alcoholism and Unipolar Depression—A Controlled Family Study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1994; 28: 303–317, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Pickens P.W., Svikis D.S., McGue M., Lykken D.T., Heston L.L., Clayton P.J. Heterogeneity in the Inheritance of Alcoholism: A Study of Male and Female Twins. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1991; 48: 19–28, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Prescott C.A., Hewitt J.K., Truett K.R., Heath A.C., Neale M.C., Eaves L.J. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Lifetime Alcohol-Related Problems in a Volunteer Sample of Older Twins. J. Stud. Alcohol 1994; 55: 184–202, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Cloninger C.R. Neurogenetic Adaptive Mechanisms in Alcoholism. Science 1987; 236: 410–416, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Cadoret R.J., Gath A. Inheritance of Alcoholism in Adoptees. Br. J. Psychiatry 1978; 132: 252–258
- Stabenau J.R. Additive Independent Factors That Predict Risk for Alcoholism. J. Stud. Alcohol 1990; 51: 164–174, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Walters G.D. Behavior Genetic Research on Gambling and Problem Gambling: A Preliminary Meta-analysis of Available Data. J. Gambling Stud. 2001; 17: 255–271, [CROSSREF]
- Vernon P.A., Lee D., Harris J.A., Jang K.L. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Individual Differences in Alcohol Expectancies. Pers. Individ. Differ. 1996; 21: 183–187, [CROSSREF]
- Weiss R., Gillis J. Clinton Scientists Celebrate “Working Draft” of Human Genetic Blueprint. The Washington Post 2000; A1, June 7
- Crabb J.C. Use of Genetic Analyses to Refine Phenotypes Related to Alcohol Tolerance and Dependence. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2001; 25: 288–292, [CROSSREF]
- Curran G.M., Stotlenberg S.F., Hill E.M., Mudd S.A., Blow F.C., Zucker R.A. Gender Differences in the Relationships Among SES, Family History of Alcohol Disorders and Alcohol Dependence. J. Stud. Alcohol 1999; 60: 825–832, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Jang K.L., Vernon P.A., Livesley W.J. Personality Disorder Traits, Family Environment, and Alcohol Misuse: A Multivariate Behavioural Genetic Analysis. Addiction 2000; 95: 873–888, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Amark C. A Study in Alcoholism; Clinical, Social-Psychiatric and Genetic Investigations (D. Burton, Trans.). Acta Psychiatr. Neurol. Scand. 1951; Suppl. No. 70
- Bleuler M. Familial and Personal Background of Chronic Alcoholics. Etiology of Chronic Alcoholism, O. Diethelm. Thomas, Springfield, IL 1955; 110–166
- Jackson J.K., Connor R. Attitudes of the Parents of Alcoholics, Moderate Drinkers and Nondrinkers Toward Drinking. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 1953; 14: 596–613, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Oltman J.E., Friedman S. A Consideration of Parental Deprivation and Other Factors in Alcohol Addicts. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 1953; 14: 49–57, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Gregory I. An Analysis of Family Data on 1000 Patients Admitted to a Canadian Mental Hospital. Acta Genet. Stat. Med. 1959; 9: 54–96, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Pitts F.N., Jr., Winokur G. Affective Disorders. VII. Alcoholism and Affective Disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1966; 4: 37–50
- Hassall C. A Controlled Study of the Characteristics of Young Male Alcoholics. Br. J. Addict. 1968; 63: 193–201
- Parker F.B. Sex-Role Adjustment in Women Alcoholics. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 1972; 33: 647–657, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Schuckit M.A., Goodwin D.A., Winokur G. A Study of Alcoholism in Half Siblings. Am. J. Psychiatry 1972; 128: 1132–1137, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Parker D.A., Harford T.C. Alcohol-Related Problems, Marital Disruption and Depressive Symptoms Among Adult Children of Alcohol Abusers in the United States. J. Stud. Alcohol 1988; 49: 306–313, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Pandina R.J., Johnson V. Serious Alcohol and Drug Problems Among Adolescents with a Family History of Alcoholism. J. Stud. Alcohol 1990; 51: 278–282, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Russell M., Cooper M.L., Frone M.R. The Influence of Sociodemographic Characteristics on Familial Alcohol Problems: Data From a Community Sample. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1990; 14: 221–226, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Fletcher K.D., Price D.K., Cook C.C.H. Problem Drinking and Family History. Br. J. Addict. 1991; 86: 1335–1341, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Lewis C.E., Bucholz K.K. Alcoholism, Antisocial Behavior and Family History. Br. J. Addict. 1991; 86: 177–194, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Dawson D.A., Harford T.C., Grant B.F. Family History as a Predictor of Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1992; 16: 572–575, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Goodwin D.W., Knop J., Jensen P., Gabrielli W.F., Jr., Schulsinger F., Penick E.C. Thirty-Year Follow-up of Men at High Risk for Alcoholism. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. Types of Alcoholics: Evidence from Clinical, Experimental, and Genetic Research, T.F. Babor, V. Hesselbrock, R.E. Meyer, W. Shoemaker. New York Academy of Science, New York 1994; Vol. 708: 97–101
- Schuckit M.A., Smith T.L. An 8-year Follow-up of 450 Sons of Alcoholic and Control Subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1996; 53: 202–210, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Bierut L.J., Dinwiddie S.H., Begleiter H., Crowe R.R., Hesselbrock V., Nurnberger J.I., Porjesz B., Schuckit M.A., Reich T. Familial Transmission of Substance Dependence: Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Habitual Smoking. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1998; 55: 982–988, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Kaij L. Studies on the Etiology and Sequels of Abuse of Alcohol. University of Lund, Lund, Sweden 1960
- Partanen J., Brunn K., Markkanen T. Drinking Behavior: A Study on Intelligence, Personality, and Use of Alcohol of Adult Twins. Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, Helsinki, Finland 1966
- Jonsson E., Nilsson T. Alkoholkonsumtion hos Monozygota och Dizygota Tvillingpar [Alcoholism in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins]. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. 1968; 49: 21–25, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Gurling H.M.D., Murray R.M., Clifford C.A. Investigations into the Genetics of Alcohol Dependence and into its Effects on Brain Function. Twin research 3: Epidemiology and Clinical Studies. Liss, New York 1981; 87–97
- Hrubec Z., Omenn G.S. Evidence of Genetic Predisposition to Alcoholic Cirrhosis and Psychosis: Twin Concordances for Alcoholism and Its Biological End Points By Zygosity Among Male Veterans. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1981; 5: 207–215, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Koskenvuo M., Langinvainio H., Kaprio J., Lo¨nnqvist J., Tienari P. Psychiatric Hospitalization in Twins. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. 1984; 33: 321–332, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Romanov K., Kaprio J., Rose R.J., Koskenvuo M. Genetics of Alcoholism: Effects of Migration on Concordance Rates Among Male Twins. Alcohol Alcohol. Suppl. 1991; 1: 137–140, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Allgulander C., Nowak J., Rice J.P. Psychopathology and Treatment of 30,344 Twins in Sweden II. Heritability Estimates of Psychiatric Diagnoses and Treatment in 12,884 Pairs. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1991; 83: 12–15, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Prescott C.A., Kendler K.S. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in a Population-based Sample of Male Twins. Am. J. Psychiatry 1999; 156: 34–40, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Kendler K.S., Prescott C.A., Neale M.C., Pedersen N.L. Temperance Board Registration for Alcohol Abuse in a National Sample of Swedish Male Twins, Born 1902–1949. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1997; 54: 178–184, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Swan G.E., Carmelli D., Cardon L.R. Heavy Consumption of Cigarettes, Alcohol and Coffee in Male Twins. J. Stud. Alcohol 1997; 58: 182–190, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- True W.R., Heath A.C., Bucholz K., Slutske W., Romeis J.C., Scherrer J.F., Lin N., Eisen S.A., Goldberg J., Lyons M.J., Tsuang M.T. Models of Treatment Seeking for Alcoholism: The Role of Genes and Environment. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1996; 20: 1577–1581, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Roe A., Burks B. Adult Adjustment of Foster Children of Alcoholic and Psychotic Parentage and the Influence of the Foster Home. Memoirs of the Section on Alcohol Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 1945, No. 3
- Bohman M. Some Genetic Aspects of Alcoholism and Criminality: A Population of Adoptees. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1978; 35: 269–276, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Cloninger C.R., Bohman M., Sigvardsson S. Inheritance of Alcohol Abuse: Cross-Fostering Analysis of Adopted Men. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1981; 38: 861–868, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Cadoret R., Troughton E., Woodworth G. Evidence of Heterogeneity of Genetic Effect in Iowa Adoption Studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. Types of Alcoholics: Evidence from Clinical, Experimental, and Genetic Research, T.F. Babor, V. Hesselbrock, R.E. Meyer, W. Shoemaker. New York Academy of Science, New York 1994; Vol. 708: 59–71