ALTERATIONS WITH AGING OF THE ENDOCRINE AND NEUROENDOCRINE CIRCADIAN SYSTEM IN HUMANS

REFERENCES

• Adams N D, Gray R W, Lemann J. The effects of oral CaCO3 loading and dietary calcium deprivation on plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979; 48: 1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anisimov V N, Bondarenko L A, Khavinson V KM. Effect of pineal peptide preparation (epithalmin) on life span and pineal and serum melatonin level in old rats. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1992; 673: 53–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker H WG, Burger H G, De Kretser B, et al. Changes in the pituitary-testicular system with age. Clin Endocrinol. 1976; 5: 349–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck-Friis J, Von Rosen D, Kjellman B F, et al. Melatonin in relation to body measures, sex, age, season and use of drugs in patients with major affective disorders and healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1984; 9: 261–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender A D. The influence of age on the activity of catecholamines and related therapeutic agents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1970; 18: 220–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertel O, Buhler F R, Kiowski W, et al. Decreased beta-adrenoreceptor responsiveness as related to age, blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1980; 2: 130–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blichert-Toft M. Secretion of corticotrophin and somatotrophin by the senescent adenohypophysis in man. Acta Endocrinol. 1975; 78(suppl. 195)1–157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bremner W J, Vitiello M V, Prinz P N. Loss of circadian rhythmicity in blood testosterone levels with aging in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983; 56: 1278–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock M A. Chronobiology and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991; 39: 74–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S S, Gillin J C, Kripke D F, et al. Gender differences in the circadian temperature of healthy elderly subjects: relationships to sleep quality. Sleep 1989; 12: 529–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney R W, Rosen J F, Hamstra A J, et al. Absence of seasonal variation in serum concentration of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D despite a rise in 25 (OH) vitamin D in summer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 53: 139–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway J, Wheeler R, Sannerstedt R. Sympathetic nervous activity exercise in relation to age. Cardiovasc Res. 1971; 5: 577–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cugini P, Scavo D, Halberg F, et al. Methodologically critical interaction of circadian rhythms: sex and aging characterize serum aldosterone of female adrenopause. J Gerontol. 1982; 37: 403–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cutler N R, Hodes J E. Assessing the noradrenergic system in normal aging: a review of methodology. Exp Aging Res. 1983; 9: 123–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler C A, Dumont M, Duffy J F, et al. Association of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker. Lancet 1992; 340: 933–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler C A, Weitzman E D, Moore-Ede M C, et al. Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science 1980; 210: 1264–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement W C, Miles L E, Carskadon M A. “White paper” on sleep and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1982; 30: 25–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Descovich G C, Montalbetti N, Kuhl J FW, et al. Age and catecholamine rhythms. Chronobiologia 1974; 1: 163–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dijk D J, Duffy J F, Riel E, et al. Ageing and the circadian and homeostatic regulation of human sleep during forced desynchrony of rest, melatonin and temperature rhythms. J Physiol. 1999; 516: 611–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebadi M, Samejima M, Pfeiffer R F. Pineal gland in synchronizing and refining physiological events. News Physiol Sci. 1993; 8: 30
   Google Scholar
• Esler M, Skews H, Leonard P, et al. Age difference of noradrenaline kinetics in normal subjects. Clin Sci. 1981; 60: 217–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari E, Magri F, Dori D, et al. Neuroendocrine correlates of the aging brain in humans. Neuroendocrinology 1995; 61: 464–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein J, Roffwarg H, Boyar R, et al. Age-related changes in the 24 hour spontaneous secretion of growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972; 35: 665–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florini J R, Prinz P N, Vitiello M V, et al. Somatomedin C levels in healthy young and old men: relationship to peak and 24-hour integrated levels of growth hormone. J Gerontol. 1985; 40: 2–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garfinkel D, Laudon M, Nof D, et al. Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin. Lancet 1995; 346: 541–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giusti M, Lomeo A, Marini G, et al. Role of aging on growth hormone and prolactin release after growth hormone releasing hormone and domperidone in man. Horm Res. 1987; 27: 134–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg F. Le sommeil du sujet âgéac normal. Neurophysiol Clin. 1991; 21: 267–79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein D S, Lake C R, Chernow B, et al. Age-dependence of hypertension-normotensive differences in plasma norepinephrine. Hypertension 1983; 5: 100–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg L H, Weiss B. β-Adrenergic receptors in aged rat brain: reduced number and capacity of pineal to develop supersensitivity. Science 1978; 201: 61–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haimov I, Lavie P, Laudon M, et al. Melatonin replacement therapy of elderly insomniacs. Sleep 1995; 18: 598–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halloran B P, Portale A A, Castro M, et al. Serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D in the human: diurnal variation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985; 60: 1104–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haus E, Laktua D J, Halberg F, et al. Chronobiological studies of plasma prolactin in women in Kyushu, Japan, and Minnesota, USA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980; 51: 632–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haus E, Lakatua D J, Sackett-Lundeen L, et al. Chronobiology in laboratory medicine. Clinical aspects of chronobiology, W T Rietveld. Bakker, BaarnThe Netherlands 1984; 13–82
   Google Scholar
• Haus E, Nicolau G, Lakatua D J, et al. Reference values for chronopharmacology. Annu Rev Chronopharmacol. 1988; 4: 333–424
   Google Scholar
• Haus E, Nicolau G, Lakatua D J, et al. Circadian rhythm parameters of endocrine functions in elderly subjects during the seventh to the ninth decade of life. Chronobiologia 1989; 16: 331–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haus E, Touitou Y. Chronobiology in laboratory medicine. Biological rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine, Y Touitou, E Haus. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1994a; 673–708
   Google Scholar
• Haus E, Touitou Y. Principles of clinical chronobiology. Biological rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine, Y Touitou, E Haus. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1994b; 6–34
   Google Scholar
• Hayes B, Czeisler C A. Chronobiology of human sleep and sleep disorders. Biological rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine, Y Touitou, E Haus. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1994; 256–64
   Google Scholar
• Hillyard C J, Cooke T JC, Coombes R C, et al. Normal plasma calcitonin: circadian variation and response to stimuli. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1977; 6: 291–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho K KY, Hoffman D M. Aging and growth hormone. Horm Res. 1993; 40: 80–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horan M A. Aging, injury and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994; 719: 285–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huether G. Melatonin synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract and the impact of nutritional factors on circulating melatonin. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994; 719: 146–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iguchi H, Kato K I, Ibayashi H. Age dependent reduction in serum melatonin concentrations in healthy human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982; 55: 27–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illnerova H, Zvlsky P, Vanecek J. The circadian rhythm in plasma melatonin concentration of the urbanized man: the effect of summer and wintertime. Brain Res. 1985; 328: 186–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubiz W, Canterbury J M, Reiss E, et al. Circadian rhythms in parathyroid hormone concentration in human subjects: correlation with serum calcium, phosphate, albumin and growth hormone levels. J Clin Invest. 1972; 51: 2040–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juttman J R, Visser T J, Buurman C, et al. Seasonal fluctuations in serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects. Br Med J 1981; 282: 1349–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kano K, Yoshida H, Yata J, et al. Age and seasonal variations in the serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D and 24,25 (OH)2 vitamin D in normal humans. Endocrinol Jpn. 1980; 27: 215–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karki N T. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline in different age groups: its diurnal variation and effect of muscular work on it. Acta Physiol Scand. 1956; 39(suppl. 132)1–96
   Google Scholar
• Lakatta V G, Gerstemblith G, Angell C S, et al. Diminished inotropic response of aged myocardium to catecholamines. Circ Res. 1975; 36: 262–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakatua D J, Nicolau G Y, Sackett-Lundeen L, et al. Circadian rhythm in adrenal response to endogenous ACTH in clinically healthy subjects of different ages. Proceedings of the 5th international conference on chronopharmacology. abstracts, FloridaAmelia Island 1992; ix–10
   Google Scholar
• Lester E, Skinner R K, Wills M R. Seasonal variation in serum 25-OH vitamin D in the elderly in Britain. Lancet 1977; 1: 979–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lips P, Hackeng W HL, Jongen M JM, et al. Seasonal variation in serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone in elderly people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983; 57: 204–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lungu A, Nicolau G Y. Circannual rhythm of thyroid function in rat. Rev Roum Endocrinol. 1973; 10: 365–72
   Google Scholar
• Lungu A, Nicolau G Y, Cocu F, et al. Protein-bound iodine variations and spontaneous atmospheric temperature oscillations. Rev Roum Endocrinol. 1966; 3: 279–82
   Google Scholar
• Markey S P, Higa S, Shih S, et al. The correlation between plasma melatonin levels and urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin excretion. Clin Chim Acta. 1985; 150: 221–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz M, Rotakin L, Rosen J F. Circadian rhythms of blood minerals in humans. Science 1981; 213: 672–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz M E, Arnaud S, Rosen J F, et al. Temporal interrelationships between the circadian rhythms of serum parathyroid hormone and calcium concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988; 67: 1068–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrama P, Carani C, Baraghini G F, et al. Circadian rhythm of testosterone and prolactin in the ageing. Maturitas 1982; 4: 131–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez J L, Jr., Vasquez B J, Messing R B, et al. Age-related changes in the catecholamines content of peripheral organs in male and female F344 rats. J Gerontol. 1981; 36: 280–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meller Y, Kestenbaum R S, Gralinsky D, et al. Seasonal variation in serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and parathormone in geriatric patients with fractures in southern Israel. Isr J Med Sci. 1986; 22: 8–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitler M, Sokolove P, Lund R. Activity-inactivity and wakefulness-sleep in mice: induced changes in cyclic relationships by prolonged exposure to constant conditions. Sleep Res. 1975; 4: 267
   Google Scholar
• Murri L, Barreca T, Gerone G, et al. The 24h pattern of human prolactin and growth hormone in healthy elderly subjects. Chronobiologia 1980; 7: 87–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakai T, Yamada R. Urinary catecholamine excretion by various age groups with special reference to clinical value of measuring catecholamines in newborns. Pediatr Res. 1983; 17: 456–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazawa Y, Nonak K, Nishida N, et al. Comparison of body temperature between healthy elderly and healthy young adults. Jpn J Psychiatry 1991; 45: 37–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicolau G Y, Haus E. Chronobiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Biological rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine, Y Touitou, E Haus. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1994; 330–47
   Google Scholar
• Nicolau G Y, Haus E, Bogdan C, et al. Circannual rhythms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in elderly subjects and in children. Rev Roum Med Endocrinol. 1986; 24: 97–107
   Google Scholar
• Nicolau G Y, Haus E, Lakatua D J, et al. Chronobiologic observations of calcium and magnesium in the elderly. Rev Roum Med Endocrinol. 1985a; 23: 39–53
   Google Scholar
• Nicolau G Y, Haus E, Lakatua D, et al. Circadian rhythm in plasma immunoreactive somatomedin-C in children. Rev Roum Med Endocrinol. 1985b; 23: 97–103
   Google Scholar
• Nicolau G Y, Haus E, Lakatua D, et al. Differences in the circadian rhythm parameters of urinary free epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine between children and elderly subjects. Rev Roum Med Endocrinol. 1985c; 23: 189–99
   Google Scholar
• Ogata K, Sasaki T, Murakami N. Central nervous and metabolic aspects of body temperature regulation. Bull Inst Const Med Kumamoto Univ. 1966; 16(suppl.)1–67
   Google Scholar
• Parker D C, Rossman L G, Pekary A E, et al. Effect of 64 hour sleep deprivation on the circadian waveform of thyrotropin (TSH): further evidence of sleep-related inhibition of TSH release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987; 64: 157–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker D C, Rossman L G, Vanderlaan E F. Sleep-related, nyctohemeral and briefly episodic variations in human plasma prolactin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973; 36: 1119–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker L, Gral T, Perrigo V, et al. Decreased adrenal androgen sensitivity to ACTH during aging. Metabolism 1981; 30: 601–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierpaoli W, Regelson W. 1994. Pineal control of aging: effect of melatonin and pineal grafting on aging mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 787–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittendrigh C S, Minis D H. Circadian systems: longevity as a function of circadian resonance in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1972; 69: 1537–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston F. Further sleep problems in airline pilots on world-wide schedules. Aerospace Med. 1973; 4: 775–82
   Google Scholar
• Prince R L, Wark J D, Omond S, et al. A test of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D secretory capacity in normal subjects for application in metabolic bone diseases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1983; 18: 127–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter R J, Richardson B A, John L, et al. Pineal melatonin rhythm: reduction in aging Syrian hamsters. Science 1980; 210: 1372–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refinetti R, Menaker M. The circadian rhythm of body temperature. Physiol Behav. 1992; 51: 613–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe J W, Troen B R. Sympathetic nervous system and aging in man. Endocrinol Rev. 1980; 1: 167–79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin P C, Scott P JW, McLean K, et al. Noradrenaline release and clearance in relation to age and blood pressure in man. Eur J Clin Invest. 1982; 12: 121–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudman D, Feller A G, Nagrai H S, et al. Effects of human GH in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sack R L, Lewy A J, Erb D E, et al. Human melatonin production decreases with age. J Pineal Res. 1986; 3: 379–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassin J, Frantz A G, Kapen S, et al. The nocturnal rise of human prolactin is dependent on sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973; 37: 436–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmaoui B, Touitou Y. Age-related differences in serum melatonin and pineal NAT activity and in the response of rat pineal to a 50-Hz magnetic field. Life Sci. 1999; 64: 2291–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman X, Wysham C, Pfohl B. Age-related changes in the circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985; 61: 439–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibasaki T, Shizume K, Masuda A, et al. Age related changes in plasma growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing factor in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984; 58: 212–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamp T CB, Round J M. Seasonal changes in human plasma levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Nature 1974; 247: 563–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaab D F, Fliers E, Partiman T S. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the human brain in relation to sex, age and senile dementia. Brain Res. 1985; 342: 37–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Bogdan A, Haus E, et al. Modifications of circadian and circannual rhythms with aging. Exp Gerontol. 1997; 32: 603–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Bogdan A, Reinberg A, et al. Les rythmes annuels endocriniens chez l´homme. Path Biol. 1996; 44: 654–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Touitou Y, Carayon A, Reinberg A, et al. Differences in the seasonal rhythmicity of plasma prolactin in elderly human subjects. Detection in women but not in men. J Endocrinol. 1983; 96: 65–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Fevre M, Bogdan A, et al. Patterns of plasma melatonin with ageing and mental condition: stability of nyctohemeral rhythms and differences in seasonal variations. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1984; 106: 145–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Touitou Y, Fevre M, Lagoguey M, et al. Age and mental health-related circadian rhythm of plasma levels of melatonin, prolactin, luteinizing hormone and follicule-stimulating hormone in man. J Endocrinol. 1981; 91: 467–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Fevre-Montange M, Proust J, et al. Age- and sex-associated modification of plasma melatonin concentration in man. Relationship to pathology malignant or not, and autopsy finding. Acta Endocrinol. 1985; 108: 135–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Touitou Y, Haus E. Biological rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine. Springer Verlag. 1994
   Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Lagoguey M, Bogdan A, et al. Seasonal rhythms of plasma gonadotrophins: their persistence in elderly men and women. J Endocrinol. 1983; 96: 15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Reinberg A, Bogdan A, et al. Age-related changes in both circadian and seasonal rhythms of rectal temperature with special reference to senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Gerontology 1986; 32: 110–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Sulon J, Bogdan A, et al. Adrenal circadian system in young and elderly human subjects: a comparative study. J Endocrinol. 1982; 93: 201–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Sulon J, Bogdan A, et al. Adrenocortical hormones, ageing and mental condition: seasonal and circadian rhythms of plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycortico sterone, total and free cortisol and urinary corticosteroids. J Endocrinol. 1983; 96: 53–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Touitou C, Bogdan A, et al. Serum magnesium circadian rhythm in human adults with respect to age, sex and mental status. Clin Chim Acta. 1978; 83: 35–41
   Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Touitou C, Bogdan A, et al. Differences between young and elderly subjects in seasonal and circadian variations of total plasma proteins and blood volume as reflected by hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte counts. Clin Chem. 1986; 32: 801–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Touitou C, Bogdan A, et al. Circadian and seasonal variations of electrolytes in aging humans. Clin Chim Acta. 1989; 180: 245–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trentini G P, DeGaetani C, Criscuolo M. Pineal gland and aging. Aging 1991; 3: 103–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trentini G P, Genazzani A R, Criscuolo M. Melatonin treatment delays reproductive aging of female rat via the opiatergic system. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 56: 364–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune G. Sleep and wakefulness in 509 normal adults. Br J Med Psychol. 1969; 42: 75–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer D J. Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81: 2468–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Coevorden A, Mockel J, Laurent E, et al. Neuroendocrine rhythms and sleep in aging men. Am J Physiol. 1991; 260: E651–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderkar L D, Brownfield M S. Serotonergic neurons and neuroendocrine function. News Physiol Sci. 1993; 8: 202
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulen A, Rubens R, Verdonck L. Testosterone secretion and metabolism in male senescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972; 34: 730–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestal R E, Wood A J, Shand D G. Reduced beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity in the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1979; 26: 181–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitiello M V, Smallwood R G, Avery D H, et al. Circadian temperature rhythms in young adult and aged men. Neurobiol Aging 1986; 7: 97–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallin B G, Sundlof G. A quantitative study of muscle nerve sympathetic activity in resting normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 1979; 1: 67–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb W. Twenty-four hour sleep cycling. Sleep: physiology and pathology, A Kales. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1969; 53
   Google Scholar
• Webb W, Swinburne H. An observational study of sleep in the aged. Percept Mot Skills 1971; 32: 895–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzman E D, Moline M L, Czeisler C A, et al. Chronobiology of aging: temperature, sleep-wake rhythms and entrainment. Neurobiol Aging 1982; 3: 299–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessler R, Rubin M, Sollberger A. Circadian rhythm of activity and sleep-wakefulness in elderly institutionalized patients. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res. 1976; 7: 333
   Google Scholar
• Zepelin H, MacDonald C S. Age differences in autonomic variables during sleep. J Gerontol. 1987; 42: 142–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar