SUPPLEMENTARY ADMINISTRATION OF ARTIFICIAL BRIGHT LIGHT AND MELATONIN AS POTENT TREATMENT FOR DISORGANIZED CIRCADIAN REST-ACTIVITY AND DYSFUNCTIONAL AUTONOMIC AND NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS IN INSTITUTIONALIZED DEMENTED ELDERLY PERSONS

REFERENCES

• Aharon-Peretz J, Masiah A, Pillar T, et al. Sleep-wake cycles in multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology 1991; 41: 1616–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancoli-Israel S, Clopton P, Klauber M R, et al. Use of wrist activity for monitoring sleep/wake in demented nursing-home patients. Sleep 1997; 20(1)24–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber M R, Jones D W, et al. Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients. Sleep 1997; 20: 18–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliwise D L. Sleep in normal aging and dementia. Sleep 1993; 16: 40–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusco L I, Fainstein I, Marquez M, et al. Effect of melatonin in selected populations of sleep-disturbed patients. Biol Signals Recept 1999; 8: 126–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brusco L I, Marquez M, Cardinali D P. Monozygotic twins with Alzheimer's disease treated with melatonin: case report. J Pineal Res. 1998; 25: 260–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnacci A, Elliott J A, Yen S S. Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 75: 447–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnacci A, Soldani R, Romagnolo C, et al. Melatonin-induced decrease of body temperature in women: a threshold event. Neuroendocrinology 1994; 60: 549–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S S, Gillin J C, Kripke D F, et al. Gender differences in the circadian temperature rhythms of healthy elderly subjects: relationships to sleep quality. Sleep 1989; 12: 529–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S S, Kripke D F, Gillin J C, et al. Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and Alzheimer's patients. Physiol Behav. 1988; 42: 141–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S S, Terman M, Lewy A J, et al. Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. V. Age-related disturbances. J Biol Rhythms 1995; 10: 151–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier J, Monk T H, Reynolds C F, et al. Are age differences in sleep due to phase differences in the output of the circadian timing system. Chronobiol Int. 1999; 16: 79–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen R A, Albers H E. Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: a case study. Neurology 1991; 41: 726–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler C A, Duffy J F, Shanahan T L, et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 1999; 284: 2177–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler C A, Kronauer R E, Allan J S, et al. Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 1989; 244: 1328–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler C A, Weitzman E D, Moore E M, et al. Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science 1980; 210: 1264–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis F C, Viswanathan N. Stability of circadian timing with age in Syrian hamsters. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275: R960–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuschle M, Gotthardt U, Schweiger U, et al. With aging in humans the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system increases and its diurnal amplitude flattens. Life Sci. 1997; 61: 2239–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollins A B, Zhdanova I V, Wurtman R J, et al. Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1824–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dori D, Casale G, Solerte S B, et al. Chrono-neuroendocrinological aspects of physiological aging and senile dementia. Chronobiologia 1994; 21: 121–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duffy J F, Dijk D J, Hall E F, et al. Relationship of endogenous circadian melatonin and temperature rhythms to self-reported preference for morning or evening activity in young and older people. J Investig Med. 1999; 47: 141–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel D, Laudon M, Nof D, et al. Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin. Lancet 1995; 346: 541–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb G L. Sleep disorders and their management. Special considerations in the elderly. Am J Med. 1990; 88: 29S–33S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haimov I, Laudon M, Zisapel N, et al. Sleep disorders and melatonin rhythms in elderly people. BMJ 1994; 309: 167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haimov I, Lavie P, Laudon M, et al. Melatonin replacement therapy of elderly insomniacs. Sleep 1995; 18: 598–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann A, Veldhuis J D, Deuschle M, et al. Twenty-four hour cortisol release profiles in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease compared to normal controls: ultradian secretory pulsatility and diurnal variation. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18: 285–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto S, Kohsaka M, Nakamura K, et al. Midday exposure to bright light changes the circadian organization of plasma melatonin rhythm in humans. Neurosci Lett. 1997; 221: 89–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuser I J, Gotthardt U, Schweiger U, et al. Age-associated changes of pituitary-adrenocortical hormone regulation in humans: importance of gender. Neurobiol Aging 1994; 15: 227–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogendijk W J, Van Someren E JW, Mirmiran M, et al. Circadian rhythm-related behavioral disturbances and structural hypothalamic changes in Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 1996; 3: 245–52
   Google Scholar
• Hurd M W, Ralph M R. The significance of circadian organization for longevity in the golden hamster. J Biol Rhythms 1998; 13: 430–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean Louis G, Zizi F, Von Gizycki H, et al. Effects of melatonin in two individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Percept Mot Skills 1998; 87: 331–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klarsfeld A, Rouyer F. Effects of circadian mutations and LD periodicity on the life span of Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Rhythms 1998; 13: 471–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A J, Ahmed S, Jackson J M, et al. Melatonin shifts human circadian rhythms according to a phase-response curve. Chronobiol Int. 1992; 9: 380–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman H R, Waldhauser F, Garfield G, et al. Effects of melatonin on human mood and performance. Brain Res. 1984; 323: 201–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R Y, Zhou J N, Van Heerikhuize J, et al. Decreased melatonin levels in postmortem cerebrospinal fluid in relation to aging, Alzheimer's disease, and apolipoprotein E-epsilon4/4 genotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84: 323–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell B B, Ancoli I S, Gevirtz R. Effect of bright light treatment on agitated behavior in institutionalized elderly subjects. Psychiatry Res. 1995; 57: 7–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArthur A J, Gillette M U, Prosser R A. Melatonin directly resets the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro. Brain Res. 1991; 565: 158–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minors D S, Waterhouse J M, Wirz-Justice A. A human phase-response curve to light. Neurosci Lett. 1991; 133: 36–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirmiran M, Swaab D F, Kok J H, et al. Circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in perinatal development, aging and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Brain Res. 1992; 93: 151–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishima K, Hishikawa Y. Chronotherapy for circadian rhythm disorders in elderly patients with dementia. Sleep and sleep disorders: from molecule to behavior, O Hayaishi, S Inoue. Academic, Kyoto 1997; 177–91
   Google Scholar
• Mishima K, Hishikawa Y, Okawa M. Randomized, dim-light controlled, cross-over test of morning bright-light therapy for rest-activity rhythm disorders in patients with vascular dementia and dementia of Alzheimer's type. Chronobiol Int. 1998; 15: 647–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishima K, Okawa M, Hishikawa Y, et al. Morning bright light therapy for sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patients with dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994; 89: 1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishima K, Okawa M, Satoh K, et al. Bright light as a regulator of biological rhythms in elderly patients with dementia. Sleep Res. 1995; 24A: 530
   Google Scholar
• Mishima K, Okawa M, Satoh K, et al. Different manifestations of circadian rhythms in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type and multi-infarct dementia. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18: 105–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishima K, Satoh K, Shimizu T, et al. Hypnotic and hypothermic action of daytime-administered melatonin. Psychopharmacology Berl. 1997; 133: 168–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishima K, Tozawa T, Satoh K, et al. Melatonin secretion rhythm disorders in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type with disturbed sleep-waking. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 417–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk T H, Buysse D J, Reynolds C F, et al. Circadian temperature rhythms of older people. Exp Gerontol. 1995; 30: 455–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadal M, Wikstrom L, Ruthstrom L. Secretory pattern of vasopressin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia and of two control groups. Eur J Endocrinol. 1994; 130: 346–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niijima A, Nagai K, Nagai N, et al. Effects of light stimulation on the activity of the autonomic nerves in anesthetized rats. Physiol Behav. 1993; 54: 555–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okawa M, Mishima K, Hishikawa Y, et al. Circadian rhythm disorders in sleep-waking and body temperature in elderly patients with dementia and their treatment. Sleep 1991; 14: 478–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okawa M, Uchiyama M, Shirakawa S, et al. Favourable effects of combined treatment with vitamin B12 and bright light for sleep-wake rhythm disorders. Sleep-wakefulness, M Kumar, H N Mallick, U Nayar. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi 1993; 71–77
   Google Scholar
• Okumoto Y, Koyama E, Matsubara H, et al. Sleep improvement by light in a demented aged individual. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998; 52: 194–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pat H R, Klauber M R, Shochat T, et al. Hourly profiles of sleep and wakefulness in severely versus mild-moderately demented nursing home patients. Aging Milano 1998; 10: 308–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penev P D, Kolker D E, Zee P C, et al. Chronic circadian desynchronization decreases the survival of animals with cardiomyopathic heart disease. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275: H2334–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak C P, Stokes P E. Circadian rest-activity rhythms in demented and nondemented older community residents and their caregivers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997; 45: 446–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter N M, Landfield P W. Stress hormones and brain aging: adding injury to insult? [news; comment]. Nat Neurosci. 1998; 1: 3–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinz P N, Christie C, Smallwood R, et al. Circadian temperature variation in healthy aged and in Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol. 1984; 39: 30–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prinz P N, Moe K E, Vitiello M V, et al. Entrained body temperature rhythms are similar in mild Alzheimer's disease, geriatric onset depression, and normal aging. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1992; 5: 65–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prinz P N, Peskind E R, Vitaliano P P, et al. Changes in the sleep and waking EEGs of nondemented and demented elderly subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1982; 30: 86–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds C F, Kupfer D J, Taska L S, et al. EEG sleep in elderly depressed, demented, and healthy subjects. Biol Psychiatry 1985; 20: 431–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Shimizu T, Takahashi Y, et al. Effect of bright light exposure on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in human. Neurosci Lett. 1996; 219: 135–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky R M. Why stress is bad for your brain. Science 1996; 273: 749–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satlin A, Teicher M H, Lieberman H R, et al. Circadian locomotor activity rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 1991; 5: 115–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satlin A, Volicer L, Ross V, et al. Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1028–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satlin A, Volicer L, Stopa E G, et al. Circadian locomotor activity and core-body temperature rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1995; 16: 765–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman T E, Robbins R J. Aging and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to challenge in humans. Endocr Rev. 1994; 15: 233–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skene D J, Vivien R B, Sparks D L, et al. Daily variation in the concentration of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol in the human pineal gland: effect of age and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 1990; 528: 170–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stopa E G, Volicer L, Kuo L V, et al. Pathologic evaluation of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus in severe dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1999; 58: 29–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaab D F, Fliers E, Partiman T S. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the human brain in relation to sex, age and senile dementia. Brain Res. 1985; 342: 37–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohgi H, Abe T, Takahashi S, et al. Concentrations of serotonin and its related substances in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Alzheimer type dementia. Neurosci Lett. 1992; 141: 9–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Fevre M, Bogdan A, et al. Patterns of plasma melatonin with ageing and mental condition: stability of nyctohemeral rhythms and differences in seasonal variations. Acta Endocrinol Copenh. 1984; 106: 145–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Touitou Y, Reinberg A, Bogdan A, et al. Age-related changes in both circadian and seasonal rhythms of rectal temperature with special reference to senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Gerontology 1986; 32: 110–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozawa T, Mishima K, Satoh K, et al. Melatonin replacement therapy for rest-activity rhythm disorders in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19: S182
   Google Scholar
• Uchida K, Okamoto N, Ohara K, et al. Daily rhythm of serum melatonin in patients with dementia of the degenerate type. Brain Res. 1996; 717: 154–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Someren E JW, Hagebeuk E E, Lijzenga C, et al. Circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 259–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Someren E JW, Kessler A, Mirmiran M, et al. Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 955–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Someren E JW, Swaab D F, Colenda C C, et al. Bright light therapy: improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods. Chronobiol Int. 1999; 16: 505–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitiello M V, Bliwise D L, Prinz P N. Sleep in Alzheimer's disease and the sundown syndrome. Neurology 1992; 42: 83–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitiello M V, Poceta J S, Prinz P N. Sleep in Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders. Can J Psychol. 1991; 45: 221–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldhauser F, Saletu B, Trinchard L I. Sleep laboratory investigations on hypnotic properties of melatonin. Psychopharmacology Berl. 1990; 100: 222–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzman E D, Moline M L, Czeisler C A, et al. Chronobiology of aging: temperature, sleep-wake rhythms and entrainment. Neurobiol Aging 1982; 3: 299–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wever R A. The circadian system of man. Results of experiments under temporal isolation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1979
   Google Scholar
• Witting W, Kwa I H, Eikelenboom P, et al. Alterations in the circadian rest-activity rhythm in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 563–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhdanova I V, Wurtman R J, Lynch H J, et al. Sleep-inducing effects of low doses of melatonin ingested in the evening. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995; 57: 552–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulley J, Wever R, Aschoff J. The dependence of onset and duration of sleep on the circadian rhythm of rectal temperature. Pflugers Arch. 1981; 391: 314–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar