Publication Cover
Chronobiology International
The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research
Volume 21, 2004 - Issue 4-5
394
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Olfactory Discrimination and Transient Mood Change in Young Men and Women: Variation by Season, Mood State, and Time of Day

, Ph.D. &
Pages 691-719 | Received 02 Jan 2004, Accepted 22 May 2004, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Adan A., Guardia J. Circadian variations of self-reported activation: a multidimensional approach. Chronobiologia 1993; 20: 233–244, [CSA]
  • Adan A., Sanchez-Turet M. Gender differences in diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood. Chronobiol. Int. 2001; 18: 491–502, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Amsterdam J.D., Settle R.G., Doty R.L., Abelman E., Winokur A. Taste and smell perception in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 1987; 22: 1481–1485, [CROSSREF]
  • Beck A. T., Ward C. H., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1961; 4: 53–63
  • Becker E., Hummel T., Piel E., Pauli E., Kobal G., Hautzinger M. Olfactory event-related potentials in psychosis-prone subjects. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 1993; 15: 51–58, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Bell I. R., Schwartz G. E., Peterson J. M., Amend D. Self-reported illness from chemical odors in young adults without clinical syndromes or occupational exposures. Arch. Environ. Health 1993a; 48: 6–13, [CSA]
  • Bell I. R., Schwartz G. E., Peterson J. M., Amend D. Symptom and personality profiles of young adults from a college student population with self-reported illness from foods and chemicals. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1993b; 12: 693–702, [CSA]
  • Bell I. R., Schwartz G. E., Amend D., Peterson J. M., Stini W. A. Sensitization to early life stress and response to chemical odors in older adults. Biol. Psychiatry 1994; 35: 857–863, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Bell I. R., Schwartz G. E., Hardin E. E., Baldwin C. M., Kline J. P. Differential resting quantitative electroencephalographic alpha patterns in women with environmental chemical intolerance, depressives, and normals. Biol. Psychiatry 1998; 43: 376–388, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Bengtsson S., Berglund H., Gulyas B., Cohen E., Savic I. Brain activation during odor perception in males and females. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 2027–2033, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Benton D. The influence of androstenol—a putative human pheromone—on mood throughout the menstrual cycle. Biol. Psychol. 1982; 15: 249–256, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Bohle P., Tilley A. J. Predicting mood change on night shift. Ergonomics 1993; 36: 125–133, [CSA]
  • Boivin D. B. Influence of sleep-wake and circadian rhythm disturbances in psychiatric disorders. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000; 25: 446–458
  • Boivin D. B., Czeisler C. A., Dijk D. J., Duffy J. F., Folkard S., Minors D. S., Totterdell P., Waterhouse J. M. Complex interaction of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian phase modulates mood in healthy subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1997; 54: 145–152, [CSA]
  • Brand G., Millot J.L. Sex differences in human olfaction: between evidence and enigma. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. B 2001; 54: 259–270, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Brendel D. H., Reynolds C. F. III, Jennings J. R., Hoch C. C., Monk T. H., Berman S. R., Hall F. T., Buysse D. J., Kupfer D. J. Sleep stage physiology, mood, and vigilance responses to total sleep deprivation in healthy 80-year-olds and 20-year-olds. Psychophysiology 1990; 27: 677–685
  • Buckle J. The role of aromatherapy in nursing care. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 2001; 36: 57–72, [CSA]
  • Bumberry W., Oliver J. M., McClure J. N. Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory in a University population using psychiatric estimate as the criterion. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1978; 46: 150–155, [CROSSREF]
  • Caccappolo-van Vliet E., Kelly-McNeil K., Natelson B., Kipen H., Fiedler N. Anxiety sensitivity and depression in multiple chemical sensitivities and asthma. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2002; 44: 890–901, [CSA]
  • Cain W. S. Odor identification by males and females: predictions vs performance. Chem. Senses 1982; 7: 129–142, [CSA]
  • Cain W. S., Gent J. F. Olfactory sensitivity: reliability, generality, and association with aging. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 1991; 17: 382–391, [CROSSREF]
  • Cann A., Ross D. A. Olfactory stimuli as context cues in human memory. Am. J. Psychol. 1989; 102: 91–102, [CSA]
  • Chen D., Haviland-Jones J. Rapid mood change and human odors. Physiol. Behav. 1999; 68: 241–250, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Chen D., Haviland-Jones J. Human olfactory communication of emotion. Percept. Mot. Skills 2000; 91: 771–781, [CSA]
  • Clark L. A., Watson D., Leeka J. Diurnal variation in the positive affects. Motiv. Emot. 1989; 13: 205–234
  • Cohen-Mansfield J., Werner P. The effects of an enhanced environment on nursing home residents who pace. Gerontologist 1998; 38: 199–208, [CSA]
  • Dalton P., Doolittle N., Breslin P. A.S. Gender-specific induction of enhanced sensitivity to odors. Nat. Neurosci. 2002; 5: 199–200, [CROSSREF]
  • de Castro J. M. Circadian rhythms of the spontaneous meal pattern, macronutrient intake, and mood of humans. Physiol. Behav. 1987; 40: 437–446, [CROSSREF]
  • Deems D. A., Doty R. L. Age-related changes in the phenyl ethyl alcohol odor detection threshold. Trans. Pa. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. 1987; 39: 646–650
  • Diego M. A., Jones N. A., Field T., Hernandez-Reif M., Schanberg S., Kuhn C., McAdam V., Galamaga R., Galamaga M. Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG, patterns of alertness and math computations. Int. J. Neurosci. 1998; 96: 217–224, [CSA]
  • Dohrn C. S., Lichtor J. L., Finn R. S., Uitvlugt A., Coalson D. W., Rupani G., de Wit H., Zacny J. P. Subjective and psychomotor effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers. Behav. Pharmacol. 1992; 3: 19–30
  • Dollins A. B., Lynch H. J., Wurtman R. J., Deng M. H., Kischka K. U., Gleason R. E., Lieberman H. R. Effect of pharmacological daytime doses of melatonin on human mood and performance. Psychopharmacology 1993; 112: 490–496
  • Dorries K. M. Sex differences in olfaction in mammals. Science of Olfaction, M. J. Serby, K. L. Chobor. Springer Verlag, New York 1992; pp. 245–275
  • Dorries K. M., Schmidt H. J., Beauchamp G. K., Wysocki C. J. Changes in sensitivity to the odor of androstenone during adolescence. Dev. Psychobiol. 1989; 22: 423–435, [CSA]
  • Doty R. L. Olfactory communication in humans. Chem. Senses 1981; 6: 351–376, [CSA]
  • Doty R. L. Olfaction and multiple chemical sensitivity. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1994; 10: 359–368, [CSA]
  • Doty R. L., Brugger W. E., Jurs P. C., Orndorff M. A., Snyder P. J., Lowry L. D. Intranasal trigeminal stimulation from odorous volatiles: psychometric responses from anosmic and normal humans. Physiol. Behav. 1978; 20: 175–185, [CROSSREF]
  • Doty R. L., Snyder P. J., Huggins G. R., Lowry L. D. Endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychological correlates of olfactory sensitivity changes during the human menstrual cycle. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1981; 95: 45–60
  • Doty R. L., Green P. A., Ram C., Yankell S. L. Communication of gender from human breath odors: relationship to perceived intensity and pleasantness. Horm. Behav. 1982; 16: 13–22, [CROSSREF]
  • Doty R. L., Shaman P., Applebaum S. L., Giberson R., Siksorski L., Rosenberg L. Smell identification ability: changes with age. Science 1984; 226: 1441–1443
  • Doty R. L., Applebaum S., Zusho H., Settle R. G. Sex differences in odor identification ability: a cross-cultural analysis. Neuropsychologia 1985; 23: 667–672, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Doty R. L., Deems D. A., Frye R. E., Pelberg R., Shapiro A. Olfactory sensitivity, nasal resistance, and autonomic function in patients with multiple chemical sensitivities. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1988; 114: 1422–1427
  • Dunn C., Sleep J., Collett D. Sensing an improvement: an experimental study to evaluate the use of aromatherapy, massage and periods of rest in an intensive care unit. J. Adv. Nurs. 1995; 21: 34–40, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Ehrlichman H., Halpern J. N. Affect and memory: effects of pleasant and unpleasant odors on retrieval of happy and unhappy memories. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1988; 55: 769–779, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Evans W. J., Cui L., Starr A. Olfactory event-related potentials in normal human subjects: effects of age and gender. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1995; 95: 293–301, [CROSSREF]
  • Fikentscher R., Kielwagen S., Laukner I., Roseburg B. Short-term fluctuations of olfactory and gustatory sensitivity in humans. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Halle 1977; 26: 93–98
  • Filsinger E. E., Braun J. J., Monte W. C., Linder D. E. Human (Homo sapiens) responses to the pig (Sus scrofa) sex pheromone 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one. J. Comp. Psychol. 1984; 98: 219–222, [CROSSREF]
  • Frazier S. E. A comparison of team mood state profiles utilizing the mental health model. J. Human Movement Studies 1989; 16: 91–99, [CSA]
  • Freeman E. W., Weinstock L., Rickels K., Sondheimer S. J., Coutifaris C. A placebo-controlled study of effects of oral progesterone on performance and mood. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1992; 33: 293–298
  • Gilbert A. N., Knasko S. C., Sabini J. Sex differences in task performance associated with attention to ambient odor. Arch. Environ. Health 1997; 52: 195–199, [CSA]
  • Goel N., Lee T. M. Olfactory bulbectomy impedes social but not photic reentrainment of circadian rhythms in female Octodon degus. J. Biol. Rhythms 1997; 12: 362–370, [CSA]
  • Good P. R., Geary N., Engen T. The effect of estrogen on odor detection. Chem. Senses Flav. 1976; 2: 45–50
  • Graham C. A., Janssen E., Sanders S. A. Effects of fragrance on female sexual arousal and mood across the menstrual cycle. Psychophysiology 2000; 37: 76–84, [CSA]
  • Gross-Isseroff R., Luca-Haimovici K., Sasson Y., Kindler S., Kotler M., Zohar J. Olfactory sensitivity in major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 1994; 35: 798–802, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Haggag A., Eklund B., Linaker O., Gotestam K. G. Seasonal mood variation: an epidemiological study in northern Norway. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1990; 81: 141–145
  • Hardy M. Sweet scented dreams. Int. J. Aromatherapy 1991; 3: 12–13
  • Harmatz M. G., Well A. D., Overtree C. E., Kawamura K. Y., Rosal M., Ockene I. S. Seasonal variation of depression and other moods: a longitudinal approach. J. Biol. Rhythms 2000; 15: 344–350, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Henry J., Rusius C. W., Davies M., Veazey-French T. Lavender for night sedation of people with dementia. Int. J. Aromatherapy 1994; 6: 28–30
  • Hill C. M., Hill D. W. Influence of time of day on responses to the profile of mood states. Percept. Mot. Skills 1991; 72: 434
  • Horne J. A., Östberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int. J. Chronobiol. 1976; 4: 97–110
  • Hudson R. The value of lavender for rest and activity in the elderly patient. Complement Ther. Med. 1996; 4: 52–57
  • Hulshoff Pol H. E., Hijman R., Baare W. F., van Eekelen S., van Ree J. M. Odor discrimination and task duration in young and older adults. Chem. Senses 2000; 25: 461–464, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Itai T., Amayasu H., Kuribayashi M., Kawamura N., Okada M., Momose A., Tateyama T., Narumi K., Uematsu W., Kaneko S. Psychological effects of aromatherapy on chronic hemodialysis patients. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000; 54: 393–397, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Jacob S., McClintock M. K. Psychological state and mood effects of steroidal chemosignals in women and men. Horm. Behav. 2000; 37: 57–78, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Jacob S., Hayreh D. J., McClintock M. K. Context-dependent effects of steroid chemosignals on human physiology and mood. Physiol. Behav. 2001; 74: 15–27, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Jacob S., Garcia S., Hayreh D., McClintock M. K. Psychological effects of musky compounds: comparison of androstadienone with androstenol and muscone. Horm. Behav. 2002; 42: 274–283, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Jones R. E., Brown C. C., Ship J. A. Odor identification in young and elderly African-Americans and Caucasians. Spec. Care Dentist 1995; 15: 138–143, [CSA]
  • Kasper S., Wehr T. A., Bartko J. J., Gaist P. A., Rosenthal N. E. Epidemiological findings of seasonal changes in mood and behavior: a telephone survey of Montgomery County, Maryland. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1989; 46: 823–833
  • Kawai T., Noro K. Psychological effect of stereoscopic 3-D images with fragrances. Ergonomics 1996; 39: 1364–1369, [CSA]
  • Kirk-Smith M., Booth D. A., Carroll D., Davies P. Human social attitudes affected by androstenol. Research Communications Psychology, Psychiatry Behavior 1978; 3: 379–384
  • Klemm W. R., Lutes S. D., Hendrix D. V., Warrenburg S. Topographical EEG maps of human responses to odors. Chem. Senses 1992; 17: 347–361
  • Knasko S. C. Ambient odor's effect on creativity, mood, and perceived health. Chem. Senses 1992; 17: 27–35
  • Knasko S. C. Pleasant odors and congruency: effects on approach behavior. Chem. Senses 1995; 20: 479–487, [CSA]
  • Kobal G., Klimek L., Wolfensberger M., Gudziol H., Temmel A., Owen C. M., Seeber H., Pauli E., Hummel T. Multicenter investigation of 1,036 subjects using a standardized method for the assessment of olfactory function combining tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2000; 257: 205–211, [CROSSREF]
  • Koelega H. S. Extraversion, sex, arousal and olfactory sensitivity. Acta Psychol. 1970; 34: 51–66, [CROSSREF]
  • Koelega H. S. Diurnal variations in olfactory sensitivity and the relationship to food intake. Percept. Mot. Skills 1994; 78: 215–226, [CSA]
  • Koelega H. S., Köster E. P. Some experiments on sex differences in odor perception. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1974; 237: 234–246, [CSA]
  • Kopala L. C., Good K. P., Honer W. G. Olfactory hallucinations and olfactory identification ability in patients with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Schizophr. Res. 1994; 12: 205–211, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Larsson M., Finkel D., Pedersen N. L. Odor identification: influences of age, gender, cognition, and personality. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2000; 55: 304–310
  • Lehrner J. P., Eckersberger C., Walla P., Pötsch G., Deecke L. Ambient odor of orange in a dental office reduces anxiety and improves mood in female patients. Physiol. Behav. 2000; 71: 83–86, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Levick S. E., Lorig T., Wexler B. E., Gur R. E., Gur R. C., Schwartz G. E. Asymmetrical visual deprivation: a technique to differentially influence lateral hemispheric function. Percept. Mot. Skills 1993; 76: 1363–1382
  • Levy L. M., Henkin R. I., Hutter A., Lin C. S., Martins D., Schellinger D. Functional MRI of human olfaction. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1997; 21: 849–856, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Levy L. M., Henkin R. I., Lin C. S., Hutter A., Schellinger D. Odor memory induces brain activation as measured by functional MRI. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1999; 23: 487–498, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Lord T., Kasprzak M. Identification of self through olfaction. Percept. Mot. Skills 1989; 69: 219–224
  • Lorig T. S., Schwartz G. E. EEG activity during relaxation and food imagery. Psychophysiology 1987; 24: 599
  • Lorig T. S., Herman K. B., Schwartz G. E., Cain W. S. EEG activity during administration of low-concentration odors. Bull. Psychonomic Society 1990; 28: 405–408
  • Lötsch J., Nordin S., Hummel T., Murphy C., Kobal G. Chronobiology of nasal chemosensitivity: do odor or trigeminal pain thresholds follow a circadian rhythm?. Chem. Senses 1997; 22: 593–598, [CSA]
  • Louis M., Kowalski S. D. Use of aromatherapy with hospice patients to decrease pain, anxiety, and depression and to promote an increased sense of well-being. Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care 2002; 19: 381–386, [CSA]
  • Ludvigson H. W., Rottman T. R. Effects of ambient odors of lavender and cloves on cognition, memory, affect and mood. Chem. Senses 1989; 14: 525–536, [CSA]
  • Magnavita N. Cacosmia in healthy workers. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 2001; 74: 121–127, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Mair R. G., Bouffard J. A., Engen T., Morton T. H. Olfactory sensitivity during the menstrual cycle. Sens. Processes 1978; 2: 90–98
  • Masago R., Matsuda T., Kikuchi Y., Miyazaki Y., Iwanaga K., Harada H., Katsuura T. Effects of inhalation of essential oils on EEG activity and sensory evaluation. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2000; 19: 35–42, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • McNair D. M., Lorr M., Droppleman L. F. Profile of Mood States (Manual). Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego 1992; 40 pp
  • Millot J. L., Brand G. Effects of pleasant and unpleasant ambient odors on human voice pitch. Neurosci. Lett. 2001; 297: 61–63, [CROSSREF]
  • Millot J. L., Brand G., Morand N. Effects of ambient odors on reaction time in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2002; 322: 79–82, [CROSSREF]
  • Monk T. H., Leng V. C., Folkard S., Weitzman E. D. Circadian rhythms in subjective alertness and core body temperature. Chronobiologia 1983; 10: 49–55
  • Monk T. H., Fookson J. E., Moline M. L., Pollak C. P. Diurnal variation in mood and performance in a time-isolated environment. Chronobiol. Int. 1985; 2: 185–193
  • Monk T. H., Buysse D. J., Reynolds C. F. III, Jarrett D. B., Kupfer D. J. Rhythmic vs homeostatic influences on mood, activation, and performance in young and old men. J. Gerontol. 1992; 47: 221–227
  • Motomura N., Sakurai A., Yotsuya Y. Reduction of mental stress with lavender odorant. Percept. Mot. Skills 2001; 93: 713–718, [CSA]
  • Murase S., Murase S., Kitabatake M., Yamauchi T., Mathe A. A. Seasonal mood variation among Japanese residents of Stockholm. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1995; 92: 51–55
  • Murray G., Allen N. B., Trinder J. A longitudinal investigation of seasonal variation in mood. Chronobiol. Int. 2001; 18: 875–891, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Nagai M., Wada M., Usui N., Tanaka A., Hasebe Y. Pleasant odors attenuate the blood pressure increase during rhythmic handgrip in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2000; 289: 227–229, [CROSSREF]
  • Navarrete-Palacios E., Hudson R., Reyes-Guerrero G., Guevara-Guzman R. Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. Biol. Psychol. 2003; 63: 269–279, [CROSSREF]
  • Nawab S. S., Miller C. S., Dale J. K., Greenberg B. D., Friedman T. C., Chrousos G. P., Straus S. E., Rosenthal N. E. Self-reported sensitivity to chemical exposures in five clinical populations and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 95: 67–74
  • Nayyar K., Cochrane R. Seasonal changes in affective state measured prospectively and retrospectively. Br. J. Psychiatry 1996; 168: 627–632
  • Nordin S., Lötsch J., Kobal G., Murphy C. Effects of nasal-airway volume and body temperature on intranasal chemosensitivity. Physiol. Behav. 1998; 63: 463–466, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Nordin S., Lötsch J., Murphy C., Hummel T., Kobal G. Circadian rhythm and desensitization in chemosensory event-related potentials in response to odorous and painful stimuli. Psychophysiology 2003; 40: 612–619, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Öberg C., Larsson M., Bäckman L. Differential sex effects in olfactory functioning: the role of verbal processing. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2002; 8: 691–698, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Oliver J. M., Burkham R. Depression in university students: duration, relation to calendar time, prevalence, and demographic correlates. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1979; 88: 667–670, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Oren D. A., Schwartz P. J., Turner E. H., Rosenthal N. E. Olfactory function in winter seasonal affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1531–1532
  • Ozaki N., Ono Y., Ito A., Rosenthal N. E. Prevalence of seasonal difficulties in mood and behavior among Japanese civil servants. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1225–1227
  • Palinkas L. A., Reed H. L., Reedy K. R., Van Do N., Case H. S., Finney N. S. Circannual pattern of hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) function and mood during extended antarctic residence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001; 26: 421–431, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Pause B. M., Miranda A., Goder R., Aldenhoff J. B., Ferstl R. Reduced olfactory performance in patients with major depression. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2001; 35: 271–277, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Pause B. M., Raack N., Sojka B., Goder R., Aldenhoff J. B., Ferstl R. Convergent and divergent effects of odors and emotions in depression. Psychophysiology 2003; 40: 209–225, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Plateck S. M., Burch R. L., Gallup G. G., Jr.,. Sex differences in olfactory self-recognition. Physiol. Behav. 2001; 73: 635–640, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Postolache T. T., Doty R. L., Wehr T. A., Jimma L. A., Han L., Turner E. H., Matthews J. R., Neumeister A., No C., Kroger H., Bruder G. E., Rosenthal N. E. Monorhinal odor identification and depression scores in patients with seasonal affective disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 1999; 56: 27–35, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Postolache T. T., Wehr T. A., Doty R. L., Sher L., Turner E. H., Bartko J. J., Rosenthal N. E. Patients with seasonal affective disorder have lower odor detection thresholds than control subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002; 59: 1119–1122, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Price S., Price L. Aromatherapy for Health Professionals. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, London 1999; pp. 391
  • Punter P. H. Measurement of human olfactory thresholds for several groups of structurally related compounds. Chem. Senses 1983; 7: 215–235, [CSA]
  • Raglin J. S., Morgan W. P., O’Connor P. J. Changes in mood states during training in female and male college swimmers. Int. J. Sports Med. 1991; 12: 585–589, [CSA]
  • Redd W. H., Manne S. L., Peters B., Jacobsen P. B., Schmidt H. Fragrance administration to reduce anxiety during MR imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1994; 4: 623–626, [CSA]
  • Reinink E., Bouhuys N., Wirz-Justice A., van den Hoofdakker R. Prediction of the antidepressant response to total sleep deprivation by diurnal variation of mood. Psychiatry Res. 1990; 32: 113–124, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Robbins P. R., Tanck R. H. A study of diurnal patterns of depressed mood. Motiv. Emot. 1987; 11: 37–49
  • Roberts A., Williams J. M. The effect of olfactory stimulation on fluency, vividness of imagery and associated mood: a preliminary study. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 1992; 65: 197–199
  • Romine I. J., Bush A. M., Geist C. R. Lavender aromatherapy in recovery from exercise. Percept. Mot. Skills 1999; 88: 756–758, [CSA]
  • Rotton J., Barry T., Frey J., Soler E. Air pollution and interpersonal attraction. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 1978; 8: 57–71, [CSA]
  • Rovesti P., Colombo E. Aromatherapy and aerosols. Soap, Perfumery, Cosmetics 1973; 46: 475–478, [CSA]
  • Royet J. P., Zald D., Versace R., Costes N., Lavenne F., Koenig O., Gervais R. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant olfactory, visual, and auditory stimuli: a positron emission tomography study. J. Neurosci. 2000; 20: 7752–7759
  • Savic I., Berglund H. Right-nostril dominance in discrimination of unfamiliar, but not familiar, odours. Chem. Senses 2000; 25: 517–523, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Savic I., Gulyas B. PET shows that odors are processed both ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the stimulated nostril. Neuroreport 2000; 11: 2861–2866, [CSA]
  • Schiffman S. S., Sattely Miller E. A., Suggs M. S., Graham B. G. The effect of environmental odors emanating from commercial swine operations on the mood of nearby residents. Brain Res. Bull. 1995a; 37: 369–375, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Schiffman S. S., Sattely Miller E. A., Suggs M. S., Graham B. G. The effect of pleasant odors and hormone status on mood of women at midlife. Brain Res. Bull. 1995b; 36: 19–29, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Schiffman S. S., Suggs M. S., Sattely-Miller E. A. Effect of pleasant odors on mood of males at midlife: comparison of African-American and European-American men. Brain Res. Bull. 1995c; 36: 31–37, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Schleidt M., Hold B., Attili G. A cross-cultural study of the attitude towards personal odors. J. Chem. Ecol. 1981; 7: 19–31, [CSA]
  • Segal N. L., Topolski T. D., Wilson S. M., Brown K. W., Araki L. Twin analysis of odor identification and perception. Physiol. Behav. 1995; 57: 605–609, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Serby M., Larson P., Kalkstein D. Olfactory sense in psychoses. Biol. Psychiatry 1990; 28: 830, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Serby M., Larson P., Kalkstein D. Olfaction and neuropsychiatry. Science of Olfaction, M. J. Serby, K. L. Chobor. Springer Verlag, New York 1992; pp. 559–584
  • Ship J. A., Weiffenbach J. M. Age, gender, medical treatment, and medication effects on smell identification. J. Gerontol. 1993; 48: M26–M32
  • Simon G. E., Daniell W., Stockbridge H., Claypoole K., Rosenstock L. Immunologic, psychological, and neuropsychological factors in multiple chemical sensitivity. A controlled study. Ann. Intern. Med. 1993; 119: 97–103, [CSA]
  • Taub J. M., Berger R. J. Diurnal variations in mood as asserted by self-report and verbal content analysis. J. Psychiat. Res. 1974; 10: 83–88, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Terman M. On the question of mechanism in phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder: considerations of clinical efficacy and epidemiology. J. Biol. Rhythms 1988; 3: 155–172
  • Thayer R. E. Problem perception, optimism, and related states as a function of time of day (diurnal rhythm) and moderate exercise: two arousal systems in interaction. Motiv. Emot. 1987; 11: 19–36
  • Tisserand R. Essential oils as psychotherapeutic agents. Perfumery: The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance, S. Van Toller, G. H. Dodd. Chapman Hall, New York 1988; pp. 167–181
  • Torii S., Fukuda H., Kanemoto H., Miyanchi R., Hamauzu Y., Kawasaki M. Contingent negative variation and the psychological effects of odour. Perfumery: The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance, S. Van Toller, G. H. Dodd. Chapman Hall, New York 1988; pp. 107–120
  • Touitou Y., Portaluppi F., Smolensky M. H., Rensing L. Ethical principles and standards for the conduct of human and animal biological rhythm research. Chronobiol. Int. 2004; 21: 161–170, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Velle W. Sex differences in sensory functions. Perspect. Biol. Med. 1987; 30: 490–522, [CSA]
  • von Zerssen D., Barthelmes H., Dirlich G., Doerr P., Emrich H. M., von Lindern L., Lund R., Pirke K. M. Circadian rhythms in endogenous depression. Psychiatry Res. 1985; 16: 51–63, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Wallace P. Individual discrimination of humans by odor. Physiol. Behav. 1977; 19: 577–579, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Warm J. S., Dember W. N., Parasuraman R. Effects of olfactory stimulation on performance and stress in a visual sustained attention task. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1991; 42: 199–210
  • Warner M. D., Peabody C. A., Csernansky J. G. Olfactory functioning in schizophrenia and depression. Biol. Psychiatry 1990; 27: 457–458, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Warren C., Warrenburg S. Mood benefits of fragrance. Int. J. Aromatherapy 1993; 5: 12–16
  • Wolfe N., Herzberg J. Can aromatherapy oils promote sleep in severely demented patients?. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 1996; 11: 926–927, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Wood C., Magnello M. E. Diurnal changes in perceptions of energy and mood. J. R. Soc. Med. 1992; 85: 191–194
  • Wood K. The promise of aromatherapy. Provider 2003; 29: 47–48, [CSA]
  • Worwood V. A. The Fragrant Mind: Aromatherapy for Personality, Mind, Mood and Emotion. New World Library, Novato 1996; pp. 429
  • Wysocki C. J., Beauchamp G. K. Ability to smell androstenone is genetically determined. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 81: 4899–4902
  • Wysocki C. J., Gilbert A. N. National geographic smell survey: effects of age are heterogenous. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1989; 561: 12–28
  • Yagyu T. Neurophysiological findings on the effects of fragrance: lavender and jasmine. Integrative Psychiatry 1994; 10: 62–67
  • Yousem D. M., Maldjian J. A., Siddiqi F., Hummel T., Alsop D. C., Geckle R. J., Bilker W. B., Doty R. L. Gender effects on odor-stimulated functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Res. 1999; 818: 480–487, [CROSSREF], [CROSSREF]
  • Zatorre R. J., Jones-Gotman M., Evans A. C., Meyer E. Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex. Nature 1992; 360: 339–340

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.