REFERENCES
- McKee G K, Watson-Farrar J. Replacement of arthritic hips by the McKee-Farrar prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1966; 48B: 245–259
- Ring P A. Complete replacement arthroplasty of the hip by the ring prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1968; 50B: 720–731
- Zweymuller K, Deckner A, Kupferschmidt W, Steindl M. Further development of the conical threaded cup. Med. Orthop Technik 1994; 114: 223–228
- Carnley J. The long-term results of low friction arthroplasty of the hip performed as a primary intervention. J Bone Joint Surg 1972; 54B: 61–76
- Courtland G L, Sunderman F W. Metal carcinogenesis in total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1996; 329: S264–S268
- Case C P, Langkamer V G, James C, et al. Widespread dissemination of metal debris from implants. J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76B: 701–712
- Case C P, Langkamer V G, Howell R T, et al. Preliminary observations on possible premalignant changes in bone marrow adjacent to worn total hip arthroplasty implants. Clin Orthop 1996; 329: S269–S279
- Howie D W, Rogers S D, McGee M A, Haynes D R. Biologic effects of cobalt chrome in cell and animal models. Clin Orthop 1996; 329: S217–S232
- Amstutz H C, Campbell P A, McKellop H, et al. Metal on metal total hip replacement workshop consensus document. Clin Orthop 1996; 329: S297–S303
- Chromium. Environmental Health Criteria 61. World Health Organization. 1988
- Friberg L, Nordberg G F, Vouk V B. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Elsevier, Holland 1979; 235–255
- Svartengren M, Elinder C G. Cobalt and its compounds. Occupational Medicine, C Zenz, B O Dickerson, E P Horvath. 3rd Edition, Missouri: Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis 1994; 453–457
- Jacobs J J, Skipor A K, Doorn P F, et al. Cobalt and chromium concentrations in patients with metal on metal total hip replacements. Clin Orthop 1996; 329: S256–S263
- Merritt K, Crowe T D, Brown S A. Elimination of nickel, cobalt and chromium following repeated injections of high dose metal salts. J Biomed Mater Res 1989; 23: 845–862
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Expositionaquivalente für Krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe. VCH-Verlag Weinheim, Germany 1992; 453–457
- Angerer J., Schaller K H. Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Biological Materials. VCH-Verlag Weinheim, Germany 1991; 46–59
- Coleman R F, Herrington J, Scales J T. Concentration of wear products in hair, blood and urine after total hip replacement. BMJ 1973; 1: 527–529
- Tager K H. Aspects of loosening in McKee-Farrar endoprothesis. Technical Principles, Design and Safety of Joint Implants, G I Buchhorn, H G Willert. Hogrefe & Huber, Seattle 1994; 72–81
- Schumacher-Wittkopf E. Characterisation of cobalt binding proteins in occupational cobalt exposure. Toxicol Environ Chem 1984; 8: 1–9
- Hennig F F, Raithel H J, Schaller K H, Dohler J R. Nickelchrom-, and cobalt-concentrations in human tissue and body fluids of hip prosthesis patients. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1992; 6: 239–243
- Linnainmaa M, Kiilunen M. Urinary cobalt as a measure of exposure in the wet sharpening of hard metal and stellite blades. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997; 69: 193–200
- Ichikawa Y, Kusaka Y, Goto S. Biological monitoring of cobalt exposure, based on cobalt concentrations in blood and urine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997; 55: 269–276
- Merritt K, Brown S A, Sharkey N A. The binding of metal salts and corrosion products to cells and proteins in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res 1984; 18: 1005–1015
- Bartolozzi A, Black J. Chromium concentrations in serum, blood clot and urine from patients following total hip arthroplasty. Biomaterials 1985; 6: 2–8
- Merritt K, Wenz L M, Brown S A. Cell association of fretting corrosion products generated in a cell culture. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 289–296
- Brown S A, Farnsworth L J, Merrit K, Crowe T D. In vitro and in vivo metal ion release. J Biomed Mater Res 1988; 22: 321–338
- Lewalter J, Korallus U, Harzdorf C, Weidemann H. Chromium bond detection in isolated erythrocytes; A new principle of biological monitoring of exposure to hexavalent chromium. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1985; 55: 305–318
- Michel R, Nolte M, Reich M, Loer F. Systemic effects of implanted prosthesis made of cobalt-chromium alloys. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1991; 110: 61–74
- Gray S J, Stiring K. The tagging of red blood cells and plasma proteins with radioactive chromium. J Clin Invest 1950; 29: 1604–1610
- Jarvis J Q, Hammond E, Meier R, Robinson C. Cobalt cardiomyopathy. J Occup Med 1992; 34: 620–626