521
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Effects of Lithium, Valproic Acid, and Carbamazepine During Pregnancy and Lactation

, &
Pages 381-392 | Published online: 31 Jul 2001

REFERENCES

  • Douglas B. H., Hume A. S. Placental Transfer of Imipramine a Basic, Lipid-Soluble Drug. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1967; 99: 573–575
  • Giacoia G. P., Catz C. S. Drugs and Pollutants in Breast Milk. Clin. Perinatol. 1979; 6: 181
  • Hammond J. E., Toseland P. A. Placental Transfer of Chlorpromazine. Arch. Dis. Child. 1970; 45: 139
  • Rennert O. M. Drug-Induced Somatic Alterations. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1975; 18(4)185
  • Mackay A. V., Loose R., Glen A. Labor on Lithium. Br. Med. J. 1976; 1: 878
  • Goodwin F. K., Jamision K. R. Manic-Depressive Illness. Oxford UniversityPress, New York 1990
  • Bowden C. L. Key Treatment Studies of Lithium in Manic-Depressive Illness:Efficacy and Side Effects. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1998; 59(6)13–19
  • Keck P. E., Jr., McElroy S. L. Outcome in the Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1996; 16(Suppl 1)15S–23S
  • Anonymous. Teratogenesis with Carbamazepine. Lancet 1991; 337: 1316–1317
  • Post R. M., Rubinow D. R., Uhde T. W., Ballenger J. C., Lake C. R., Linnoila M., Jimerson D. C., Reus V. Effects of Carbamazepine on Nonadrenergic Mechanisms in AffectivelyIll Patients. Psychopharmacology 1985; 87(1)59–63
  • Zacara G., Messori A. A., Moroni F. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Valproic Acid. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1998; 15: 367–389
  • Nora J. J., Nora A. H., Toews W. H. Lithium Ebstein's Anomaly and Other Congenital Heart Defects. Lancet 1974; 2(7880)594–595
  • Elia J., Katz I. R., Simpson G. M. Teratogenicity of Psychotherapeutic Medications. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1978; 23(4)531–586
  • Thiels C. Pharmacotherapy of Psychiatric Disprder in Pregnancy and DuringBreast Feeding. A Review. Pharmacopsychiatry 1987; 20: 133–146
  • Warkany J. Teratogen Update: Lithium. Teratology 1988; 38: 593–596
  • Kallen B. Comments on Teratogen Update: Lithium. Teratology 1988; 38: 597
  • Schou M., Goldfield M. D., Weinstein M. R., Villeneuve A. Lithium and Pregnancy: Report from the Register of Lithium Babies. Br. Med. J. 1973; 2(859)135–136
  • Kerns L. L. Treatment of Mental Disorder in Pregnancy: A Review of PsychotropicDrug Risks and Benefits. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1986; 174: 652–659
  • Leonard A., Hantson P. H., Gerber G. B. Mutagenicity Carcinogenicity and Teratogenicity of Lithium Compounds. Mutat. Res. 1995; 339: 131–137
  • Rane A., Tomson G., Bjarke B. Effects of Maternal Lithium Therapy in a Newborn Infant. J. Pediatr. 1978; 93: 296–297
  • Weinstein M. R., Goldfield M. D. Cardiovascular Malformations with Lithium Use During Pregnancy. Am. J. Psychiatry 1975; 132: 529–531
  • Arnon R. G., Marin-Garcia J., Peeden J. N. Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation and Lithium Carbonate Toxicityin a Newborn Infant. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1981; 135: 941–943
  • Strothers J. K., Wilson D. W., Royston N. Lithium Toxicity in a Newborn. Br. Med. J. 1973; 3: 233–234
  • Kallen B., Tandberg A. Lithium and Pregnancy: A Cohort Study on Manic-Depressive Women. Acta Pediatr. Scand. 1983; 68: 134–139
  • Amdisen A. Evidence of an Altered Thyroid Function in Man During Treatmentwith Lithium Carbonate. Acta Pediatr. Scand. (Suppl 1) 1969; 207: 59–67
  • Karlsson K., Lindstedt G., Lundberg P. A., Selstam U. Transplacental Lithium Poisoning: Reversible Inhibition of FetalThyroid. Lancet 1975; 1(7919)1295
  • Krause S., Ebbesen F., Lange A. P. Polyhydramnios with Maternal Lithium Treatment. Obstet. Gynecol. 1990; 75: 504–506
  • Weinstein M. Lithium Treatment of Women During Pregnancy in th e Post Delivery Period. Handbook of Lithium Therapy, F. N. Johnson. UniversityPark Press, Baltimore 1980; 421–429
  • Yoder M. C., Belik J., Lanvion R. A., Pereira G. R. Infants of Mothers Treated with Lithium During Pregnancy Havean Increased Incidence of Prematurity, Macrosomia, and Perinatal Mortality. Pediatr. Res. 1984; 18: 163A
  • Jacobson S. J., Jones K., Johnson K., Ceolin L., Kaur P., Sahn D., Donnenfeld A. E., Reider M., Santelli R., Smythe J., Pastuszak A., Einarson T., Koren G. Prospective Multicenter Study of Pregnancy Outcome After LithiumExposure During First Trimester. Lancet 1992; 339(8792)530–533
  • Nishiwaki T., Tanaka K., Sekiya E. Acute Lithium Intoxication in Pregnancy. Int. Gynecol. Obstet. 1996; 52(2)191–192
  • Rosa F. Medicaid Antidepressant Pregnancy Exposure Outcome. Reprod. Toxicol. 1994; 8: 444–445
  • Goldfield M. D., Weinstein M. R. Lithium Carbonate in Obstetrics: Guidelines for Clinical Use. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1973; 116: 15–22
  • Vacaflor L., Lehman H. E., Ban T. A. Side Effects and Teratogenicity of Lithium Carbonate Treatment. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1970; 10(6)387–389
  • Krause S., Ebbesen F., Lange A. P. Polyhydramnios with Maternal Lithium Treatment. Obstet. Gynecol. 1990; 75: 504–506
  • Eikmeier G. Fetal Malformations Under Lithium Treatment. Eur. Psychiatry 1996; 11: 376–377
  • Schou M., Amdisen A. Lithium and Pregnancy.Lithium Ingestion by Children Breast-Fedby Women on Lithium Treatment. Br. Med. J. 1973; 2(859)138
  • Tunnessen W. W., Jr., Hertz C. G. Toxic Effects of Lithium in Newborn Infants: A Commentary. J. Pediatr. 1972; 81: 804–807
  • Sykes P. A., Quarrie J., Alexander F. W. Lithium Carbonate and Breast Feeding. Br. Med. J. 1976; 2: 1299
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. The Transferof Drugs and Other Chemicals into Human Milk. Pediatrics 1994; 93: 137–150
  • Dickinson R. G., Harland R. C., Lynn R. K., Smith W. B., Gerber N. Transmission of Valproic Acid (Depakene) Across the Placenta:Half-Life of the Drug in Mother and Baby. J. Pediatr. 1979; 94(5)832–835
  • Nau H., Rating S., Koch S., Hauser I., Helge H. Valproic Acid and Its Metabolites: Placental Transfer NeonatalPharmacokinetics Transfer via Mother's Milk and Clinical Status in Neonatesof Epileptic Mothers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981; 219(3)768–777
  • Nau H., Helge H., Luck W. Valproic Acid in the Perinatal Period; Decreased Maternal SerumProtein Binding Results in Fetal Accumulation and Neonatal Displacement ofthe Drug and Some Metabolites. J. Pediatr. 1984; 104: 627–634
  • Froescher W., Gugler R., Niesen M., Hoffmann F. Protein Binding in Valproic Acid in Maternal and Umbilical CordSerum. Epilepsia 1984; 25(2)244–249
  • Janz D. The Teratogenic Risk of Antiepileptic Drugs. Epilepsia 1975; 16: 159–169
  • Kelly T. E. Teratogenicity of Antiepileptic Drugs. I. Review of Literature. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1984; 19: 413–434
  • Anonymous. Valproate: A New Cause of Birth Defects–Reportfrom Italy and Follow-Up from France. CDC Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 1983; 32: 438–439
  • Mastroiacovo P., Bertollini R., Morandini S., Segni G. Maternal Epilepsy Valproate Exposure and Birth Defects. Lancet 1983; 2(8365–8366)1499
  • Kallen A. J. Maternal Carbamazepine and Infant Spina Bifida. Reprod. Toxicol. 1994; 8(3)203–205
  • Guibaud S., Robert E., Simplot A., Boisson C., Francannet C., Patouraux M. H. Prenatal Diagnosis of Spina Bifida Aperta After First-TrimesterValproate Exposure. Prenat. Diag. 1993; 13(8)772–773
  • Lammer E. J., Sever L. E., Oakley G. P., Jr. Teratogen Update: Valproic Acid. Teratology 1987; 35: 465–473
  • Kallen B., Robert E., Mastroiacovo P., Martinez-Frias M. L., Castilla E. E., Cocchi G. Anticonvulsant Drugs and Malformations: Is There a Drug Specificity?Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1989; 5(1)31–36
  • Battino D., Binelli S., Caccamo M. L., Canevini M. P., Canger R., Como M. L., Croci D., De Giambattista M., Granata T., Pardi G., Avanzini G. Malformations in Offspring of 305 Epileptic Women: A ProspectiveStudy. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1992; 85(3)204–207
  • Omtzigt J. G., Los F. J., Grobbee D. E., Pijpers L., Jahoda M. G., Brandenburg H., Stewart P. A., Gaillard H. L., Sachs E. S., Wladimiroff J. W., Lindhout D. The Risk of Spina Bifida Aperta After First-Trimester Exposureto Valposure to Valproate in a Prenatal Cohort. Neurology 1992; 42(Suppl 5)119–125
  • Bjerkedal T., Czeizel A., Goujard J., Kallen B., Mastroiacova P., Nevin N., Oakley G., Jr., Robert E. Valproic Acid and Spina Bifida. Lancet 1982; 2(8307)1096
  • Lindhout D. Valproate and Spina Bifida in the Netherlands (abstract). Teratology 1985; 32: 15A
  • Jeavons P. M. Sodium Valproate and Neural Tube Defects. Lancet 1982; 2: 1282–1283
  • Center for Disease Control (CDC): Valproic Acid and Spina Bifida.A Preliminary Report – France. Morb. Motal. Wkly. Rep. 1982; 31: 565–566
  • Omtzigt J. G., Nau H., Los F. J., Pijpers L., Lindhout D. The Disposition of Valproate and Its Metabolites in the LateFirst Trimester and Early Second Trimester of Pregnancy in Maternal SerumUrine and Amniotic Fluid: Effect of Dose Co-Medication and the Presence ofSpina Bifida. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1992; 43(4)381–388
  • Lindhaut D., Omtzigt J. G., Cornel M. C. Spectrum of Neural Tube Defects in 34 Infants Prenatally Exposedto Antiepileptic Drugs. Neurology 1992; 42(Suppl 5)111–118
  • Ardinger H. H., Atkins J. F., Blackson D. R., Elsas L. J., Clarren S. K., Livingston S., Flannery D. B., Pellock J. M., Harrod M. J., Lammer E. J., Majewski F., Schinzel A., Toriello H. V., Hanson J. W. Verification of the Fetal Valproate Syndrome Phenotype. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1988; 29(1)171–185
  • Lindhout D., Schmidt D. In Utero Exposure to Valproateand Neural Tube Defects. Lancet 1986; 1(8494)1392–1393
  • Weinbaum P., Cassidy S., Vintzibos A., Campbell W. A., Ciarleglio L., Nochimson D. J. Prenatal Detection of a Neural Tube Defect After Fetal Exposureto Valproic Acid. Obstet. Gynecol. 1986; 67(Suppl 3)S31–S33
  • Iqbal M. M. Prevention of Neural Tube Defects by Periconceptional Use ofFolic Acid. Pediatrics in Review 2000; 21(2)58–66
  • Sanders R. C., James A. G. The Principles and Practice of Ultrasonographyin Obstetrics and Gynecology. Appleton Century-Crofts, NewYork 1985; 247–248
  • Samren E. B., Van Duijn C. M., Koch S., Hiilesma V. K., Klepel H., Bardy A. H., Mannagetta G. B., Deichl A. W., Gaily E., Granstrom M. L., Meinardi H., Grobbee D. E., Hofman A., Janz D., Lindhout D. Maternal Use of Antiepileptic Drugs and the Risk of Major CongenitalMalformations: A Joint European Prospective Study of Human Teratogenesis Associatedwith Maternal Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1997; 38(9)981–990
  • Iqbal M. M. Periconceptual Folic Acid to Prevent Neural Tube Defects. N. Carolina Med. J. 2000; 61(4)218–219
  • Christianson A. L., Chesler N., Kromberg J. G.R. Fetal Valproate Syndrome: Clinical and Neurodevelopmental Featuresin Two Sibling Pairs. Dev. Med. Clin. Neurol. 1994; 36: 361–369
  • Winter R. M., Donnai D., Burn J., Tucker S. M. Fetal Valproate Syndrome: Is There a Recognizable Phenotype?. J. Med. Genet. 1987; 24(11)692–695
  • Jager-Roman E., Deichi A., Jakob S., Hartmann A. M., Koch S., Rating D., Steldinger R., Nau H., Helgi H. Fetal Growth Major Malformations and Minor Anomalies in InfantsBorn to Women Receiving Valproic Acid. J. Pediatr. 1986; 108(6)997–1004
  • Tein I., MacGregor D. L. Possible Valproate Teratogenicity. Arch. Neurol. 1985; 42: 291–293
  • Thisted E., Ebbesen F. Malformations Withdrawal Manifestations and Hypoglycemia AfterExposure to Valproate In Utero. Arch. Dis. Child. 1993; 69: 288–291
  • Langer B., Haddad J., Gasser B., Maubert M., Schlaeder G. Isolated Fetal Bilateral Ray Reduction Associated with ValproicAcid Usage. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 1994; 9(3)155–158
  • Majer R. V., Green P. J. Neonatal Afibrinogenemia Due to Sodium Valproate. Lancet 1987; 2: 740–741
  • Webster W. S., Howe A. M., Lipson A. H. The Role of Vitamin K in Prenatal Development. Teratology 1995; 15(4)285
  • Vert P., Deblay M. F., Andre M. Follow-up Study on Growth and Neurologic Development of Children Born to Epileptic Mothers. Epilepsy, Pregnancy and the Child, D. Janz, M. Dam, A. Richens. Raven Press, New York 1982; 433–436
  • Mountain K. R., Hirsch J., Gallus A. S. Neonatal Coagulation Defect Due to Anticonvulsant Drug Treatmentin Pregnancy. Lancet 1970; 256–268
  • Dalens B., Raynaud E. J., Gaulme J. Teratogenicity of Valproic Acid. J. Pediatr. 1980; 97(2)332–333
  • Leguis E., Jaeken J., Eggermont E. Sodium Valproate Pregnancy and Infantile Fatal Liver Failure. Lancet 1987; 2: 1518–1519
  • Bantz E. W. Valproic Acid and Congenital Malformations. A Case Report. Clin. Pediatr. 1984; 23(6)352–353
  • Nakane Y., Okuma T., Takahashi T., Sato Y., Fukushima Y., Kumashiro H., Ono T., Takahashi T., Aoki Y., Kazamatsuri H., Inami M., Komai S., Seino M., Miyakoshi M., Tanimura T., Hazama H., Kawahara R., Otsuki S., Hosokawa K., Inanaga K., Nakazawa Y., Yamamoto K. Multi-Institutional Study on the Teratogenicity and Fetal Toxicityof Antiplatelet Drugs: A Report of a Collaborative Study Group in Japan. Epilepsia 1980; 21(6)663–680
  • Boussemart T., Bonneau D., Levard G., Bertheir M., Oriot D. Omphalocele in a Newborn Baby Exposed to Sodium Valproate InUtero. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1995; 154: 220–201
  • Simila S., Von Wondt L., Hartikainen-Sorri A. L., Kappa P., Saukkonen A. L. Sodium Valproate Pregnancy and Neonatal Hyperglycemia. Arch. Dis. Child. 1979; 54(12)985–986
  • Ebbesen F., Jorgensen A. M., Hoseth E., Kaad P-H., Moller M. Neonatal Hypoglycemia After Exposure In Utero to Valproate. Pediatr. Res. 1998; 44(3)439
  • Hurd R. W., Wilder B. S., Van Rinsvelot H. A. Birth Defects and Zinc (Letter). Lancet 1980; 8173: 883
  • Andermann E., Andermann F., Dansky L. V. Counseling for Epileptic Women of Childbearing Age. Advances in Epileptology, XIIth Epilepsy InternationalSymposium, M. Dam, L. Gram, J. K. Penry. Raven Press, New York 1981; 219–227
  • Kaneko S., Otani K., Fukushima Y., Ogawa Y., Nomura Y., Ono T., Nakane Y., Teranishi T., Goto M. Teratogenicity of Antiepileptic Drugs: Analysis of PossibleRisk Factors. Epilepsia 1988; 29(4)459–467
  • Creizel A. E., Bod M., Halasz P. Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Drugs During Pregnancy in a Population-BasedHungarian Study. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1992; 8(1)122–127
  • Koch S., Losche G., Jager-Roman E., Jakob S., Rating D., Deichl A., Helge H. Major Birth Malformations and Antiepileptic Drugs. Neurology 1992; 42(Suppl 5)83–88
  • Von Unruh G. E., Froescher W., Hoffmann F., Niesen M. Valproic Acid in the Breast-Milk: How Much Is Really There?Ther. Drug Monit. 1984; 6(3)272–276
  • Starreveld-Zimmerman A. A.E., Van der Kolk W. J., Meinardi H., Elshove J. Are Anticonvulsant Teratogenic?. Lancet 1973; 2: 48–49
  • Lander C. M., Edwards V. E., Endie M. J., Tyrer J. H. Plasma Anticonvulsant Concentrations During Pregnancy. Neurology 1977; 27: 128–131
  • Thomas D., Buchanan N. Teratogenic Effects of Anticonvulsants. J. Pediatr. 1981; 99: 163
  • Meyer J. G. Teratogenic Risk of Antiplatelet Drugs. Epilepsia 1975; 16: 159–169
  • Niesen M., Froscher W. Finger and Toenail Hypoplasia After Carbamazepine Monotherapyin Late Pregnancy. Neuropediatrics 1985; 16: 167–168
  • Bertollini R., Mastroiacovo P., Segni G. Maternal Epilepsy and Birth Defects: A Case Control Study inthe Italian Multicenter Registry of Birth Defects (IPIMC). Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1985; 1: 67–72
  • Bod M. Teratogenic Evaluation of Anticonvulsants in a Population BasedHungarian Material. Teratology 1989; 40(3)277
  • Hughes R. L. Spina Bifida in Infants of Women Taking Carbamazepine. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 325: 664
  • Jones K. L., Lacro R. V., Johnson K. A., Adams J. Pattern of Malformations in the Children of Women Treated withCarbamazepine During Pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989; 320: 1661–1666
  • Frey B., Schubiger G., Musy J. P. Transient Cholestatic Hepatitis in a Neonate Associated withCarbamazepine Exposure During Pregnancy and Breast Feeding. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1990; 150(2)136–138
  • Oakeshott P. Prevention of Neural Tube Defects. Lancet 1994; 343: 123–124
  • Kaneko S., Fukushima Y., Sato T., Ogawa Y., Ono T., Kan R., Nakane Y., Teranishi T., Goto M. Teratogenicity Antiplatelet Drugs: A Prospective Study. Jpn. J. Psych. Neurol. 1986; 40: 447–450
  • Lindhout D., Hoppener R. J., Meinardi H. Teratogenicity of Antiepileptic Drug Combinations with SpecialEmphasis on Epoxidation (of Carbamazepine). Epilepsia 1984; 25(1)77–83
  • Lindhout D., Meinardi H., Barth P. G. Hazards of Fetal Exposure to Drug Combinations. Epilepsy Pregnancy and the Child, D. Janz, M. Dam, H. Helge, A. Richens, S. Schmidt. Raven Press, New York 1982; 275–281
  • McMullin G. P. Teratogenic Effects of Anticonvulsants. Br. Med. J. 1971; 4: 430
  • Millar J. H.D., Nevin N. L. Congenital Malformations and Anticonvulsant Drugs. Lancet 1973; 1: 328
  • Little B. B., Santos-Ramos R., Newell J. F., Maberry M. C. Megadose Carbamazepine During the Period of Neural Tube Closure. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993; 8(4 Pt 2 Suppl)705–708
  • Merlob P., Mor N., Litwin A. Transient Hepatic Dysfunction in an Infant of an Epileptic MotherTreated with Carbamazepine During Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding. Ann. Pharmacother. 1992; 26(12)1563–1565
  • Baptista T., Araujo H., Rada P., Hernandez L. Congenital Neuroblastoma in a Boy Born to a Woman with BipolarDisorder Treated with Carbamazepine During Pregnancy. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1998; 22(3)445–454
  • Al-Shammri S., Guberman A., Hsu E. Neuroblastoma and Fetal Exposure to Phenytoin in a Child WithoutDysmorphic Features. Can. J. Neuro. Sci. 1992; 19: 243–245
  • Sutcliffe A. G., Jones R. B., Woodruff G. Eye Malformations Associated with Treatment with CarbamazepineDuring Pregnancy. Ophthalmic Genet. 1998; 19(2)59–62
  • Legido A., Toomey K., Goldsmith L. Congenital Rib Anomalies in a Fetus Exposed to Carbamazepine. Clin. Pediatr. 1991; 30(1)63–64
  • Robertson I. G., Donnai D., D'souza S. Cranial Nerve Agenesis in a Fetus Exposed to Carbamazepine. Dev. Med.Child. Neurol. 1983; 25: 540–541
  • Bell A. D., Gerlis L. M., Variend S. Persistent Right Umbilical Vein – Case Report and Reviewof Literature. Int. J. Cardiol. 1986; 10(2)167–176
  • Hiilesmaa V. K., Teramo K., Granstrom M. L., Brady A. H. Fetal Head Growth Retardation Associated with Maternal AntiepilepticDrugs. Lancet 1981; 2: 165–167
  • Bertollini R., Kallen B., Mastroiacovo P., Robert E. Anticonvulsant Drugs in Monotherapy: Effect on the Fetus. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1987; 3: 164–171
  • Keller D. M. Teratologic Effects of Carbamazepine. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989; 321(21)1480–1482
  • Scialli A. R., Lione A. Teratogenic Effects of Carbamazepine. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989; 321(21)1480
  • Ornoy A., Cohen I. Follow-up Studies of Children Born to Epileptic Women Treatedwith Carbamazepine. Teratology 1995; 51(3)169
  • Ornoy A., Cohen E. Outcome of Children Born to Epileptic Mothers Treated with CarbamazepineDuring Pregnancy. Arch. Dis. Child. 1996; 75(6)517–520
  • Gaily E., Kantola-Sorsa E., Granstrom M-L. Intelligence of Children of Epileptic Mothers. J. Pediatr. 1988; 113: 677–684
  • Van der Pol M. C., Hadders-Algra M., Huisjes H. J., Touwen B. C.L. Antiepileptic Medication in Pregnancy: Late Effects on Children'sCentral Nervous System Development. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1991; 164: 121–128
  • Lindhout D., Omtzigt J. G.C. Teratogenic Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs: Implications forthe Management of Epilepsy in Women of Childbearing Age. Epilepsia 1994; 35(Suppl 4)S19–S28
  • Froescher W., Eichelbaum M., Niesen M., Dietrich K., Rausch P. Carbamazepine Levels in Breast Milk. Ther. Drug. Monit. 1984; 6(3)266–271
  • Wong S. H. Monitoring of Drugs in Breast Milk. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1985; 15(2)100–1105
  • Kok T. H., Taitz L. S., Bennett J. J., Holt D. W. Drowsiness Due to Clemastine Transmitted in Breast Milk. Lancet 1982; 1: 914–915
  • Brent N. B., Wisner K. L. Fluoxetine and Carbamazepine Concentrations in a Nursing Mother/InfantPair. Clin. Pediatr. 1998; 37: 41–44

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.