181
Views
44
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Abrupt Cessation of Therapeutically Administered Sodium Oxybate (GHB) Does Not Cause Withdrawal Symptoms

ARTICLE

Pages 131-135 | Published online: 04 Sep 2003

References

  • Overeem S, Mignot E, van Dijk JG, Lammers GJ. Narcolepsy: clinical features, new pathological insights, and future perspectives. J Clin Neurophys 2001; 18: 78–105
  • Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, et al. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology 2002; 58: 1826–1833
  • Siegel JM. Narcolepsy: a key role for hypocretins (orexins). Cell 1999; 98(4)1–20
  • Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Mignot E. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet 2000; 355: 39–40
  • Thannickal TC, Moore RY, Niehuis R, Ramanathan L, Gulyani S, Al M, Cornford M, Siegel JM. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron 2000; 27: 469–474
  • Tunnicliff G. Significance of γ-hydroxybutyric acid in the brain. Gen Pharmacol 1992; 23: 1027–1034
  • Scharf M, Brown D, Woods M, Brown L, Hirschowitz J. The effects and effectiveness of γ-hydroxybutyrate in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Psychiat 1985; 46: 222–225
  • Scrima L, Hartman PG, Johnson FH, Thomas EE, Hiller FC. The effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate on the sleep of narcolepsy patients: a double blind study. Sleep 1990; 13: 479–490
  • A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing the effects of three doses of orally administered sodium oxybate with placebo for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep 2002; 25: 42–49
  • Lammers GJ, Arends J, Declerck AC, Ferrari MD, Schouwink G, Troost J. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and narcolepsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Sleep 1993; 16: 216–220
  • Craig K, Gomez HF, McManus JL, Bania TC. Severe gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal: a case report and literature review. J Emerg Med 2000; 18: 65–70
  • Dyer JE, Roth B, Hyma BA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 147–153
  • McDonald CH, Miotto KA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) withdrawal: Five case studies. J Psychoact Drugs 2001; 33: 143–149
  • Galloway GP, Frederick SL, Staggers FE, Gonzales M, Stalcup SA, Smith DE. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence. Addiction 1997; 92: 89–96
  • Bowles TM, Sommi RW, Amiri M. Successful management of prolonged γ-hydroxybutyrate and alcohol withdrawal. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21: 254–257
  • Hernandez M, McDaniel CH, Costanza CD, Hernandez OJ. GHB-induced delirium: a case report and review of the literature on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1998; 24: 179–183
  • Nicholson KL, Balster RL. GHB: a new and novel drug of abuse. Drug Alcohol Dep 2001; 63: 1–11
  • Borgen L, Lane E, Lai A. Xyrem® (sodium oxybate). A study of dose proportionality in healthy human subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40: 1053
  • Gallimberti L, Cibin M, Pagnin P, Sabbion R, Pani PP, Pirastu R, Ferrera SD, Gessa GL. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for the treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993; 9: 77–81
  • Addolorato G, Balbucci G, Capristo E, Attila ML, Taggi F, Gasbarrini G, Ceccanti M. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized comparative study versus benzodiazepine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23: 1596–1604
  • Addolorato G, Caputo F, Caprista E, Stefani GF, Gasbarrini G. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid efficacy, potential abuse and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction. Alcohol 2000; 20: 217–222
  • Gallimberti L, Spella MR, Soncini CA, Gessa GL. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol and heroin dependence. Alcohol 2000; 20: 257–262

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.