A Meta‐Analysis of Prognostic Indicators to Predict Seizures, Arrhythmias or Death After Tricyclic Antidepressant Overdose

References

• Braithwaite R A, Crome P, Dawling S. Amitriptyline overdosage: plasma concentrations and clinical features. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 8: 388–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorstrand C. Clinical features in poisonings by tricyclic antidepressants with special reference to the ECG. Acta Med Scand 1976; 199: 337–344, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit J M, Spiker D G, Ruwitch J F, Ziegler V E, Weiss A N, Biggs J T. Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and adverse effects overdose. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 21: 47–51, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crome P, Braithwaite R A. Relationship between clinical features of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning and plasma concentrations in children. Arch Dis Child 1978; 53: 902–905, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramble M G, Lishman A H, Purdon J, Diffey B L, Hall J C. An analysis of plasma level and 24‐hour ECG recordings in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: implications for management. Q J Med 1985; 219: 357–366
   Google Scholar
• Rudorfer M V. Cardiovascular changes and plasma drug levels after amitryptiline overdose. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1982; 19: 67–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiker D G, Weiss A N, Chang S S, Ruwitch J FJ, Biggs J T. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: clinical presentation and plasma levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975; 18: 539–546, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg R J, Capone R J, Hunt J D. Cardiac complications following tricyclic antidepressant overdose. JAMA 1985; 254: 1772–1775, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehnert M T, Lovejoy F HJ. Value of the QRS duration vs. the serum drug level in predicting seizures and ventricular arrhythmias after an acute overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 474–479, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemann J T, Bessen H A, Rothstein R J, Laks M M. Electrocardiographic criteria for tricyclic antidepressant cardiotoxicity. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 1154–1159, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellinen T J, Färkkilä M, Heikkilä J, Luomanmäki K. Electrocardiographic and clinical features of tricyclic antidepressant intoxication. Ann Clin Res 1987; 19: 12–17, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foulke G E, Alberston T E, Walby W F. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: emergency department findings as predictors of clinical course. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4: 496–500, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caravati E M, Bossart P J. Demographic and electrocardiographic factors associated with severe tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1991; 29: 31–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foulke G E. Identifying toxicity risk early after antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 123–126, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebelt E L, Francis P D, Woolf A D. ECG lead aVR vs. QRS interval in predicting seizures and arrhythmias in acute tricyclic antidepressant toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26: 195–201, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James L P, Kearns G L. Cyclic antidepressant toxicity in children and adolescents. J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 35: 343–350, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokarski G F, Young M J. Criteria for admitting patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Emerg Med 1988; 6: 121–124, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hultén B Å, Adams R, Askenasi R, Dallos V, Dawling S, Volans G, Heath A. Predicting severity of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1992; 30: 161–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulke G E, Alberston T E. QRS interval in tricyclic antidepressant overdosage: inaccuracy as a toxicity indicator in emergency settings. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 160–163, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie F W, Gansert G G, Weiss R E. Value of initial ECG findings and plasma drug levels in cyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19: 696–700, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerman C, Connors A FJ, Burma G M. Level of consciousness as a predictor of complications following tricyclic overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 326–330, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfrank L R, Flomembaum N E, Lewin N A, Howland M A, Hoffman R S, Nelson L S. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. McGraw‐Hill, New York 2002
   Google Scholar
• Ford M D, Delaney K A, Ling L J, Erickson T. Clinical Toxicology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 2001
   Google Scholar
• Haddad L M, Shannon M W, Winchester J F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1998
   Google Scholar
• Ellenhorn M J. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1997
   Google Scholar
• Lijmer J G, Mol B W, Heisterkamp S, Bonsel G J, Prins M H, van der Meulen J, Bossuyt P MM. Empirical evidence of design‐related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. JAMA 2001; 282: 1061–1066, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses L E, Shapiro D. Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: data‐analytic approach and some additional considerations. Stat Med 1993; 12: 1293–1316, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meta‐Test. New England Medical Center, Boston 1997
   Google Scholar
• VohraSHamiltonRMcGuiganMand the TCA study groupPediatric Tricyclic Antidepressant Overdose: Are ECG Changes Related to Seizures?Proceedings of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologist XX International CongressAmsterdam2000, abstract
   Google Scholar
• Fasoli R A, Glauser F L. Cardiac arrhythmias and ECG abnormalities in tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1981; 18: 155–163
   Google Scholar
• Pentel P, Sioris L. Incidence of late arrhythmias following tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1981; 18: 543–548
   Google Scholar
• Marshall J B, Forker A D. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: clinical and cardiovascular features. Nebr Med J 1980; 65: 77–80, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bessen H A, Niemann J T, Rothstein R J, Laks M M. Abstract: Electrocardiographic criteria for tricyclic antidepressant cardiotoxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 650
   Google Scholar
• Strøm J, Sloth Madsen P, Nygarrd Nielsen N, Bredgaard Sørensen M. Acute self‐poisoning with tricyclic antidepressants in 295 consecutive patients treated in an ICU. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985; 28: 666–670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafimovski N, Thorball N, Asmussen I, Lunding M. Tricyclic antidepressive poisoning with special reference to cardiac complications. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, Suppl 1975; 57: 55–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foulke G E, Alberston T E. Abstract: Failure of QRS interval as a toxicity predictor in ED tricyclic‐antidepressant‐overdosed patients. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 650–651
   Google Scholar
• Kresse‐Hermsdorf M, Müller‐Oerlinghausen B. Tricyclic neuroleptic and antidepressant overdose: epidemiological, electrocardiographic, and clinical features‐a survey of 92 cases. Pharmacopsychiatry 1990; 23: 17–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kresse‐Hermsdorf M, Müller‐Oerlinghausen B, Ibe K. Poisoning with antidepressant drugs: a five‐year retrospective review. Int J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 23: 540–547
   Google Scholar
• Shannon M W. Duration of QRS distrurbances after severe tricyclic antidepressant intoxication. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1992; 30: 377–386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkovitch M, Matsui D, Komar L, Hamilton R, Johnson D. Assessment of the terminal 40‐millisecond QRS vector in children with a history of tricyclic antidepressant ingestion. Pediatr Emerg Care 1995; 11: 75–77, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey D N, Van Dyke C, Langou R A, Jatlow P I. Tricyclic antidepressants: plasma levels and clinical findings in overdose. Am J Psychiatr 1978; 135: 1325–1328, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens T E, Stern T A, O'Gara P T. Adverse cardiac effects of combined neuroleptic ingestion and tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10: 51–54, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison D W, Pentel P. Clinical features and consequences of seizures due to cyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 1989; 7: 5–10, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkey I R, Lawson A. Poisoning with tricyclic and related antidepressants—a ten‐year review. Q J Med 1980; 193: 33–49
   Google Scholar
• Woodhead R. Cardiac rhythm in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1979; 14: 499–505
   Google Scholar
• Biggs J T, Spiker D G, Petit J M, Ziegler V E. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: incidence of symptoms. JAMA 1977; 238: 135–138, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedal L, Korman M G, Williams P, Mushin G. Overdosage of tricyclic antidepressants. A report of two deaths and a prospective study of 24 patients. Med J Aust 1972; 2: 74–79, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultén B Å, Heath A. Clinical aspects of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Acta Med Scand 1983; 213: 275–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe T R, Caravatti E M, Rollins D E. Terminal 40‐ms frontal plane QRS axis as a marker for tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 348–351, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley N A, Chevalier S, Leditschke A, O'Connell D L, Leitch J, Ponds S. The limited utility of electrocardiography variables used to predict arrhythmia in psychotropic drug overdose. Crit Care 2003; 7: R101–R107, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossuyt P M, Reitsma J B, Bruns D E, Gatsonis C A, Glasziou P P, Irwig L M, Lijmer J G, Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet H C. The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: explanation and elaboration. Clin Chem 2003; 40: 7–18, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Halkin A, Reichman J, Schwaber M, Paltiel O, Brezis M. Likelihood ratios: getting diagnostic testing into perspective. Q J Med 1998; 91: 247–258
   Google Scholar
• Buckley N A, Dawson A H, Whyte I M, Henry D A. Greater toxicity in overdose of dothiepin than of other tricyclic antidepressants. Lancet 1994; 343: 159–162, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry J A, Alexander C A, Sener E K. Relative mortality from overdose of antidepressants. Br Med J 1995; 310: 221–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebelt E L, Ulrich A, Francis P D, Woolf A. Serial electrocardiogram changes in acute tricyclic antidepressant overdoses. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1721–1726, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman D G. Systematic reviews of evaluation of diagnostic and screening tests. Systematic Reviews in Health Care, M Egger, G D Smith, D G Altman. BMJ Books, London 2001; 248–282
   Google Scholar