CHANGING PATTERNS OF “DRUG ABUSE” IN THE UNITED STATES: CONNECTING FINDINGS FROM MACRO- AND MICROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

REFERENCES

• Musto D.F. Opium, Cocaine and Marijuana in American History. Sci. Am. 1991, July: 45–47
   Google Scholar
• Amsel Z., Erhardt C.L., Krug D.C., Conwell D.P. The Narcotics Register: Development of a Case Register. Paper Presented at the Thirty-first Annual Meeting of the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Palo Alto, California, February, 1969. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council
   Google Scholar
• Chein I., Gerard D.L., Lee R.W., Rosenfeld E. The Road to H; Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy. Basic Books, New York 1964
   Google Scholar
• Austin G.A. Research Issues 24: Perspectives on the History of Psychoactive Substance Use. DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 79–810, DHEW, Rockville, MD 1979
   Google Scholar
• Kandel D.B. Drug and Drinking Behavior Among Youth. Ann. Rev. Sociol. 1980; 6: 235–285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook J.S., Whiteman M., Nomura C., Gordon A.S., Cohen P. Personality, Family, and Ecological Influences on Adolescent Drug Use: A Developmental Analysis. J. Chem. Depend. Treat. 1988; 1: 123–162
   Google Scholar
• Wills T.A., McNamara G., Vaccaro D., Hirky A.E. Escalated Substance Use: A Longitudinal Grouping Analysis From Early to Middle Adolescence. J. Abnormal Psychol. 1996; 105(2)166–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huba G.J., Wingard J.A., Bentler P.M. Beginning Adolescent Drug Use and Peer and Adult Interaction Patterns. J. Couns. Clin. Psychol. 1979; 47(2)265–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson V., Pandina R.J. Effects of the Family Environment on Adolescent Substance Use, Delinquency, and Coping Styles. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991; 17(1)71–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellam S., Simon M., Ensminger M.E. Antecedents in First Grade of Teenage Drug Use and Psychological Well-being: A Ten-year Community-wide Prospective Study. Origins of Psychopathology: Research and Public Policy, D. Ricks, B. Dohrenwend. Cambridge University Press, New York 1980; 17–42
   Google Scholar
• Ensminger M.E., Anthony J.C., McCord J. The Inner City and Drug Use: Initial Findings from an Epidemiological Study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997; 48(3)175–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan H.B., Johnson R.J. Relationships Between Circumstances Surrounding Initial Illicit Drug Use and Escalation of Drug Use: Moderating Effects of Gender and Early Adolescent Experiences. Vulnerability to Drug Abuse, M. Glantz, R. Pickens. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. 1992; 299–358
   Google Scholar
• Loeber R. Development and Risk Factors of Juvenile Antisocial Behavior and Delinquency. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 1990; 10: 1–41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter R.E., Blackson T., Brigham J., Moss H., Caprara G.V. The Association Between Childhood Irritability and Liability to Substance Use in Early Adolescence: A 2-year Follow-up Study of Boys at Risk for Substance Abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995; 39(3)253–256
   Google Scholar
• Bachman J.G., Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M., Humphrey R.H. Explaining Recent Decline in Marijuana Use: Differentiating the Effects of Perceived Risks, Disapproval, and General Lifestyle Factors. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1988; 29: 92–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman J.G., Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M. Explaining the Recent Decline in Cocaine Use Among Young Adults: Further Evidence That Perceived Risks and Disapproval Lead to Reduced Drug Use. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1990; 31(2)173–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman J.G., Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M. Explaining Recent Increases in Student's Marijuana Use: Impacts Perceived Risks and Disapproval; 1976–1996. Am. J. Public Health 1998; 88(6)887–892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloboda Z., Kozel N.J. Frontline Surveillance: The Community Epidemiology Work Group on Drug Abuse. Drug Abuse Origins and Interventions, M.D. Glantz, C.R. Hartel. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.D., 47–62
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1992. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 94-3012, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C. 1995
   Google Scholar
• Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse—1998. SAMHSA website. 1999
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins J.D., Catalano R.F., Miller J.Y. Risk and Protective Factors for Alcohol and Other Drug Problems in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: Implications for Substance Abuse Prevention. Psychol. Bull. 1992; 112(1)64–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandina R.J. Risk and Protective Factor Models in Adolescent Drug Use: Putting Them to Work for Prevention. National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research: Presentations, Papers, and Recommendations. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C. 1998; 17–26, NIH Publication No. 98-4293
   Google Scholar
• Jessor R., Jessor S.L., Finney J. A Social Psychology of Marijuana Use: Longitudinal Studies of High School and College Youth. J. Personality Soc. Psychol. 1973; 26(1)1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James W.H., Moore D.D. Examining the Relationship Between Gender and Drug-using Behaviors in Adolescents: The Use of Diagnostic Assessments and Biochemical Analyses of Urine Samples. J. Drug Educ. 1999; 29(3)235–249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brady K.T., Randall C.L. Gender Differences in Substance Use Disorders. Psychiatric Clin. North Am. 1999; 22(2)241–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman J.P., Su S.S. Stressful Life Events and Adolescent Substance Use and Depression: Conditional and Gender Differentiated Effects. Substance Use Misuse 1998; 53(11)2219–2262
   Google Scholar
• Lifrak P.D., McKay J.R., Rostain A., Alterman A.I., O'Brien C.P. Relationship of Perceived Competencies, Perceived Social Support and Gender to Substance Abuse in Young Adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36(7)933–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders-Phillips K. Ethnic Minority Women, Health Behaviors, and Drug Abuse: A Continuum of Psychosocial Risks. Drug Abuse Origins and Interventions, M.D. Glantz, C.R. Hartel. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. 1999; 191–222
   Google Scholar
• Wills T.A., Cleary S.D. Peer and Adolescent Substance Use Among 6th–9th Graders: Latent Growth Analyses of Influence Versus Selected Mechanisms. Health Psychol. 1999; 18(5)453–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975–1997.Secondary School Students. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C. 1998; Volume 1, NIH Publication No. 98–4345
   Google Scholar
• Sussman S., Dent C.W. One-year Prospective Predictors of Marijuana Use Cessation Among Youth at Continuation Schools. Addict. Behav. 1999; 24(3)411–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen K., Kandel D.B. Predictors of Cessation of Marijuana Use: An Event History Analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998; 50(2)109–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey S.L., Flewelling R.L., Rachel J.V. Predicting Continued Use of Marijuana Among Adolescents: The Increased Relative Influence of Drug Specific and Social Context Factors. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1992; 31(1)51–65
   Google Scholar
• Gorman M. Multi-site assessment of Methamphetamine Use. Presentation at the June meeting of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, VancouverBritish Columbia, June, 1999
   Google Scholar