How to Change Implicit Drug Use-Related Cognitions in Prevention: A Transdisciplinary Integration of Findings from Experimental Psychopathology, Social Cognition, Memory, and Experimental Learning Psychology

References

• Ashburne-Nardo L., Voils C. I., Monteith M. J. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2001; 81(5)789–799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens F., Eelen P., Crombez G. Pavlovian associations are forever: on classical conditioning and extinction. J. Psychophysiol. 1995; 9: 127–141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker T. B., Morse E., Sherman J. E. The motivation to use drugs: a psychobiological analysis of urges. The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Alcohol Use and Abuse, C. Rivers. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 1987; 257–323
   Google Scholar
• Bargh J. A., Chartrand T. L. The unbearable automaticity of being. Am. Psychol. 1999; 54(7)462–479, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsalou L. W. Perceptual symbol systems. Behav. Brain. Sci. 1999; 22(4)577–660, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsalou L. W., Simmons W. K., Barbey A. K., Wilson C. D. Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2003; 7(2)84–91, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara A., Damasio H., Damasio A. R. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 295–307, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A. T., Emery G., Greenberg R. L. Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. Basic Books, New York 1985
   Google Scholar
• Beck A. T., Wright F. D., Newman C. F., Liese B. S. Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse. The Guilford Press, New York/London 1993
   Google Scholar
• Blair I. V. The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 2002; 6(3)242–261, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair I. V., Ma J. E., Lenton A. P. Imaging stereotypes away: the moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol 2001; 81(5)828–841, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosson J. K., Swann W. B., Pennebaker J. Stalking the perfect measures of implicit self-esteem: the blind man and the elephant revisited?. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2000; 79: 631–643, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouton M. E. Context, time and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of pavlovian learning. Psychol. Bull. 1993; 114: 80–99, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley M. M. Emotion and motivation. Handbook of Psycho-physiology. 2nd ed., J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, G. G. Berntson. Cambridge University Press, New York 2000; 602–642
   Google Scholar
• Bradley B. P., Mogg K., Wright T., Field M. Attentional bias in drug dependence: vigilance for cigarette-related cues in smokers. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2003; 17(1)66–72, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks D. C., Karamanlian B. R., Foster V. Extinction and spontaneous recovery of ataxic tolerance to ethanol in rats. Psychopharmacology 2001; 153: 491–496, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess A. A Clockwork Orange. Penguin, London 1962
   Google Scholar
• Chassin L., Presson C., Rose J., Sherman S. J., Prost J. Parental smoking cessation and adolescent smoking. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2002; 27: 485–496, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins B. N., Brandon T. H. Effects of extinction context and retrieval cues on alcohol cue reactivity among nonalcoholic drinkers. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2002; 70: 390–397, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin C. A., Tiffany S. T. Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments. Addiction 2002; 97: 155–167, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper M. L., Frone M. R., Russell M., Mudar P. Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1995; 69: 990–1005, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox W. M., Klinger E. A motivational model for alcohol use. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1988; 97: 168–180, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox W. M., Hogan L. M., Kristian M. R., Race J. H. Alcohol attentional bias as predictor of alcohol abusers’ treatment outcome. Drug alcohol depend 2002; 68: 237–243, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombag H. S., Shaham Y. Renewal of drug seeking by contextual cues after prolonged extinction in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 2002; 116: 169–173, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham W. A., Preacher K. J., Banaji M. R. Implicit attitude measures: consistency, stability and convergent validity. Psychol. Sci. 2001; 12: 163–170, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio A. The feeling of what happens. Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. Harcourt, , NY 1999
   Google Scholar
• Dandeneau S. T., Baldwin M. W. The inhibition of socially rejecting information among people with high versus low self-esteem: The role of attentional bias and the effects of bias reduction training. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 2004; 23: 584–602, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darkes J., Goldman M. S. Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: experimental evidence for a mediational process. J. Consult Clin. Psychol. 1993; 61: 344–353, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darkes J., Goldman M. S. Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: process and structure in the alcohol expectancy network. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1998; 6: 64–76, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta N., Greenwald A. G. On the malleability of automatic attitudes: combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2001; 81(5)800–814, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer J. A structural and process analysis of the implicit association test. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 2001; 37: 443–451, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer J. The extrinsic affective simon task. Exp. Psychol. 2003; 50: 77–85, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer J., Crombez G., Koster E.H.W., De Beul N. Implicit alcohol-related cognitions in a clinical sample of heavy drinkers. 2003, Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• De Houwer J., Thomas S., Baeyens F. Associative learning of likes and dislikes: a review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychol. Bull. 2001; 127: 853–869, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong P. J., Van den Hout M. A., Rietbroek H., Huijding J. Dissociations between implicit and explicit attitudes towards phobic stimuli. Cogn. Emotion 2003; 17: 521–545, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijksterhuis A. I like myself but i don’t know why: enhancing implicit self-esteem by subliminal evaluative conditioning. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2004; 86: 345–355, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra A., De Vries H., Roijackers J. M. A. Targeting smokers with low readiness to change with tailored and nontailored self-help materials. Prev. Med. 1999; 28: 203–211, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimeff L. A., Baer J. S., Kivlahan D. R., Marlatt G. A. Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS): A Harm Reduction Aapproach. The Guilford Press, New York 1999
   Google Scholar
• Dishion T. J., McCord J., Poulin F. When interventions harm. Peer groups and problem behavior. Am. Psychol. 1999; 54: 755–764, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovidio J. F., Kawakami K., Beach K. R. Implicit and explicit attitudes: Examination of the relations between measures of intergroup bias. Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intergroup Processes, R. Brown, S. Gaertner. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2001; 175–197
   Google Scholar
• Edelman G. M. The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consiousness. Basic Books, , NY 1990
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers A., Margraf J., Davies S., Roth W. T. Selective processing of threat cues in subjects with panick attacks. Cogn. Emotion 1988; 2: 201–220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erblich J., Earleywine M., Erblich B. Positive and negative associations with alcohol and familial risk for alcoholism. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2001; 15: 204–209, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio R. H. Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: the MODE model as an integrative framework. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, M. P. Zanna. Academic Press, San Diego, CA 1990; 23: 75–109
   Google Scholar
• Fazio R. H. On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: an overview. Cogn. Emotion 2001; 15: 115–141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio R. H., Jackson J. R., Dunton B. C., Williams C. J. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes. a bona fide pipeline?. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1995; 69: 1013–1027, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio R. H., Olson M. A. Implicit measures in social cognition research: their meaning and use. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2003; 54: 297–327, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio R. H., Sanbonmatsu D. M., Powell M. C., Kardes F. R. On the automatic activation of attitudes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1986; 50: 229–238, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox E., Russo R., Bowles R., Dutton K. Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?. J. Exp. Psychol. 2001; 681–700
   Google Scholar
• Franken I. H. A. Drug craving and addiction: Integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2003; 27: 563–579, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franken I. H. A., Hendriks V. M., Stam C. J., Van den Brink W. Haloperidol improves biased cognitive processing of drug cues in heroin dependence. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004
   Google Scholar
• Franken I. H. A., Kroon L. Y., Wiers R. W., Jansen A. Selective processing of drug cues in heroin dependence. J. Psychopharmacol. 2000; 14: 395–400, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franken I. H. A., Rosso M. M., Van Honk J. Selective memory for alcohol cues in alcoholics and its relation to craving. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2003; 27: 481–488, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrieli J. D. E. The architecture of human memory. In Memory: Systems, Process or Function?, J. K. Foster, M. Jelicic. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999; 205–231
   Google Scholar
• García-Gutiérrez A., Rosas J. M. Empirical and theoretical implications of additivity between reinstatement and renewal after interference in causal learning. Behav. Processes 2003; 63: 21–31, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerald M. S., Higley J. D. Evolutionary underpinnings of excessive alcohol consumption. Addiction 2002; 97: 415–425, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glautier S., Remington B. The form of responses to drug cues. Addictive Behaviour: Cue Exposure Theory and Practice, D. C. Drummond, S. T. Tiffany, S. Glautier, B. Remington. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1995; 21–46
   Google Scholar
• Goldman M. S. Risk for substance abuse: memory as final common pathway. Psychol. Sci. 1999; 10: 196–198, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman M. S., Brown S. A., Christiansen B. A. Expectancy theory: thinking about drinking. Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism, H. T. Blane, K. E. Leonard. Guilford, New York 1987; 181–226
   Google Scholar
• Goldman M. S., Darkes J., DelBoca F. K. Expectancy mediation of biopsychosocial risk for alcohol use and addiction. Expectancy, Experience, and Behavior, I. Kirsch. APA Books, Washington 1999; 233–262
   Google Scholar
• Goldman M. S., Del Boca F. K., Darkes J. Alcohol expectancy theory: the application of cognitive neuroscience. Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism. 2nd ed., H. T. Blane, K. E. Leonard. The Guilford Substance Abuse Series, The Guilford Press, New York, NYUSA 1999; 203–246
   Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer P. M. Implementation intentions: strong effects of simple plans. Am. Psychol. 1999; 54: 493–503, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf P., Mandler G. Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1984; 23: 553–568, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Graf P., Shimamura A. P., Squire L. R. Priming across modalities and across category levels: Extending the domain of preserved function in amnesia. J. Exp. Psychol: Learn Mem. Cogn. 1985; 11: 386–396, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald A. G., Banaji M. R. Implicit social cognition: attitudes self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychol. Rev. 1995; 102(1)4–27, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald A. G., McGhee D. E., Schwartz J. L. K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1998; 74(6)1464–1480, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald A. G., Nosek B. A., Banaji M. R. Understanding and using the implicit association test: 1. an improved scoring algorithm. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2003; 85: 197–216, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havermans R. C., Jansen A. T. M. Increasing the efficacy of cue exposure treatment in preventing relapse of addictive behavior. Addict. Behav. 2003; 28: 989–994, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebb D. O. Emotion in man and animal: an analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition. Psychol. Rev. 1946; 53: 88–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirshman E., Passannante A., Arndt A. Midazolam amnesia and conceptual processing in implicit memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2001; 130: 453–465, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope D. A., Rapee R. M., Heimberg R. G., Dombeck M. J. Representations of the self in social phobia: vulnerability to social threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1990; 14: 177–189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijding J., De Jong P. J., Wiers R. W., Verkooijen K. Implicit attitudes toward smoking in a smoking and non-smoking setting, submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Jacoby L. L., Dallas M. On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 1981; 110: 306–340, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby L. L., Kelley C. M. Unconscious influences of memory for a prior event. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 1987; 13: 314–336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby L. L., Kelley C. M., Brown J., Jasechko J. Becoming famous overnight: limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1989; 56(3)326–338, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jajodia A., Earleywine M. Measuring alcohol expectancies with the implicit association test. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2003; 17(2)126–133, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelicic M., Craik F. I. M., Moscovitch M. Effects of ageing on different explicit and implicit memory tasks. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 1996; 8: 225–235, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones B. T., McMahon J. Alcohol motivations as outcome expectancies. Treating Addictive Behaviors Applied Clinical Psychology. 2nd ed., W. R. Miller, N. Heather. Plenum Press, New York 1998; 75–91
   Google Scholar
• Jones B. T., Corbin W., Fromme K. A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction 2001; 91: 57–72, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman D. A perspective on judgment and choice. Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist 2003; 58: 697–720, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami K., Dovidio J. F., Moll J., Hermsen S., Russin A. Just say no (to stereotyping): effects of training in the negation of stereotopic associations on stereotype activation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2000; 78(5)871–888, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krank M. D., Kreklewetz K. L. Exposure to alcohol advertising increases implicit alcohol cognitions in adolescents. Poster Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA). June, 21–252003. Fort Lauderdale, FL
   Google Scholar
• Krank M. D., Swift R. Unconscious influences of specific memories on alcohol outcome expectancies. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 1994; 18: 423
   Google Scholar
• Kraus D., Smith G. T., Ratner H. H. Modifying alcohol-related expectancies in grade-school children. J. Stud. Alcohol. 1994; 55: 535–542, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavy E. H., Van den Hout M. A. Selective attention evidenced by pictorial and linguistic Stroop tasks. Behav. Ther. 1993; 24: 645–657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavy E. H., Van den Hout M. A., Arntz A. Attentional bias and spider phobia: conceptual and clinical issues. Behav. Res. Ther. 1993; 31: 17–24, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond P. F., Shanks D. R. The role of awareness in pavlovian conditioning: empirical evidence and theoretical implications. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 2002; 25: 211–224
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod C., Hagan R. Individual differences in the selective processing of threatening information, and emotional responses to a stressful life event. Behav. Res. Ther. 1992; 30: 151–161, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod C., Matthews A., Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J. Abnormal. Psychol. 1986; 95: 15–20, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod C., Rutherford E., Campbell L., Ebsworthy C., Holker L. Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2002; 111: 107–123, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maio G. R., Watt S. E. Effects of anti-racism messages on explicit and implicit intergroup attitudes: the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence, submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Mansell W. Conscious appraisal and the modification of automatic processes in anxiety. Behav. Cogn. Psychother 2000; 28: 99–120
   Google Scholar
• Marlatt G. A., Baer J. S., Kivlahan D. R., Dimeff L. A., Larimer M. E., Quigley L. A., Somers J. M., Williams E. Screening and brief intervention for high-risk college student drinkers: results from a 2-year follow-up assessment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1998; 66: 604–615, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews A., MacLeod C. Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cogn. Emot. 2002; 16(3)331–354, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews A., Mogg K., Kentish J., Eysenck M. Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 1995; 33: 293–303, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattia J. I., Heimberg R. G., Hope D. A. The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics. Behav. Res. Ther. 1993; 31: 305–313, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland J. L., Rummelhart D. E. Distributed memory and the representation of general and specific information. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 1985; 114: 159–188, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGue M. Behavioral genetic models of alcoholism and drinking. Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism. 2nd ed., H. T. Blane, K. E. Leonard. The Guilford Substance Abuse Series, The Guilford Press, New York, NY 1999; 372–421
   Google Scholar
• McNally R. J. Automaticity and the anxiety disorders. Behav. Res. Ther. 1995; 33: 747–754, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiran N., Jelicic M. Implicit memory in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychology 1995; 9: 291–303, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merckelbach H., Van Hout W., De Jong P. J., Van den Hout M. A. Classical conditioning and attentional bias. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 1990; 21: 185–191, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikle P. M., Smilek D., Eastwood J. D. Perception without awareness: perspectives from cognitive psychology. Cogn. 2001; 79: 115–134, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W. R., Rollnick G. A. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to ChangeAddictive Behavior. 2nd ed. Guilford Press, New York 2002
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. P., Nosek B. A., Banaji M. R. Contextual variations in implicit evaluation. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2003; 132: 455–469, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg K., Bradley B. P., Field M., De Houwer J. Eye movements to smoking-related pictures in smokers: relationship between attentional biases and implicit and explicit measures of stimulus valence. Addiction 2003; 98: 825–836, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg K., Bradley B. P., Millar N., White J. A follow-up study of cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 1995; 33: 927–935, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucha R. F., Geier A., Pauli P. Modulation of craving by cues having differential overlap with pharmacological effect: evidence for cue approach in smokers and “social drinkers.”. Psychopharmacology 1999; 147: 306–313, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan N. W., Stone M. Attention and conceptual priming: limits on the effects of divided attention in the category-exemplar production task. J. Mem. Lang. 1999; 41: 253–280, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan N. W., Guyer P. S., Beland A. The effects of levels-of-processing and organization on conceptual implicit memory in the category exemplar production test. Mem. Cognit. 1999; 27: 633–647, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson J. B. Context specificity of excitation and inhibition in ambiguous stimuli. Learn. motiv. 2002; 33: 284–310, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett R. E., Wilson T. D. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol. Rev. 1977; 84: 231–259, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek B. A., Banaji M. R. The Go/No-Go association task. Soc. Cogn. 2001; 19: 625–664, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson M. A., Fazio R. H. Implicit attitude formation through classical conditioning. Psychol. Sci. 2001; 12(5)413–417, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson M. A., Fazio R. H. Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: what are we measuring?. Psychol. Sci. 2003; 14: 636–639, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfai T. P., Ostafin B. D. Alcohol-related motivational tendencies in hazardous drinkers: assessing implicit response tendencies using the modified IAT. Behav. Res. Ther. 2003; 41: 1149–1162, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin A. J. Memory: Phenomena, Experiment and Theory. Blackwell, Oxford 1993
   Google Scholar
• Parkin A. J., Russo R. Implicit and explicit memory and the automatic/effortful distinction. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 1990; 2: 71–80
   Google Scholar
• Pearce J. M., Bouton M. E. Theories of associative learning in animals. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2001; 52: 111–139, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfield W., Welch K. The supplementary motor cortex of the cerebral cortex. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 1951; 66: 289–317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pihl R. O., Bruce K. R. Cognitive impairments in children of alcoholics. Alcohol Health Res. World 1995; 19: 142–147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reingold E. M., Toth J. P. Process dissociations versus task dissociations: a controversy in progress. In Implicit Cognition, G. Underwood. Oxford University Press, OxfordUK 1996; 159–202
   Google Scholar
• Rescorla R. A. Pavlovian conditioning. It's not what you think it is. Am. Psychol. 1988; 43(3)151–160, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla R. A. Experimental extinction. Handbook of Contemporary Learning Theories, R. R. Mowrer, S. B. Klein. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ 2001; 119–154
   Google Scholar
• Rescorla R. A., Heth C. D. Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process 1975; 1: 88–96, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson T. E., Berridge K. C. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res. Rev. 1993; 18: 247–291, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson T. E., Berridge K. C. Mechanisms of action of addictive stimuli. Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction 2001; 96: 103–114, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson T. E., Berridge K. C. Addiction. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2003; 54: 25–53, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger H. L. Implicit memory: retention without remembering. Am. Psychol. 1990; 45: 1043–1056, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger H. L. Reconsidering implicit memory. Rethinking Implicit Memory, J. S. Bowers, C. J. Marsolek. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003; 3–18
   Google Scholar
• Roediger III H. L., McDermott K. B. Creating false memories: remembering words not presented in lists. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn Mem. Cogn. 1995; 21: 803–814, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohsenow D. J., Monti P. M., Abrams D. B. Cue exposure treatment in alcohol dependence. Addictive Behaviour: Cue Exposure Theory and Practice, D. C. Drummond, S. T. Tiffany, S. Glautier, B. Remington. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1995; 169–196
   Google Scholar
• Rudman L. A. Sources of implicit attitudes. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2004; 13: 79–82, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudman L. A., Ashmore R. D., Gary M. L. “Unlearning” automatic biases: the malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2001; 81(5)856–868, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudman L. A., Heppen J. B. Sources of Implicit attitudes toward smoking, submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Schacter D. L. The Seven Sins of Memory. Houghton Mifflin, New York 2001
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz N. Self-reports How questions shape the answers. Am. Psychol. 1999; 54: 93–105, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher K. J. Children of Alcoholics, a Critical Appraisal of Theory and Research. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991
   Google Scholar
• Sherman S. J., Presson C. C., Chassin L., Rose J. S., Koch K. Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: the effects of context and motivation. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 2003; 22: 13–39, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruyt A., Hermans D., De Houwer J., Eelen P. On the nature of the affective priming effect: affective priming of naming responses. Soc. Cogn. 2002; 227–256, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire L. R. Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychol. Rev. 1992; 2: 195–231
   Google Scholar
• Stacy A. W. Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marihuana use. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1997; 106: 61–73, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacy A. W., Ames S. L. Implicit cognition theory in drug use and driving under the influence interventions. Handbook of Program Development in Health Behavior Research and Practice, S. Sussman. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA 2001; 107–130
   Google Scholar
• Stacy A. W., Ames S. L., Knowlton B. Neurologically plausible distinctions in cognition and habit relevant to drug abuse prevention. Subst. Use Misuse 2004
   Google Scholar
• Stewart S. H., Hall E., Wilkie H., Birch C. Affective priming of alcohol schema in coping and enhancement motivated drinkers. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 2002; 31: 68–80, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Strack F., Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 2004; 3: 220–247, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson J. E., Rudman L. A., Greenwald A. G. Using the implicit association test to investigate attitude-behavior consistency for stigmatized behavior. Cogn. Emot. 2001; 15: 207–230, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teachman B. A., Woody S. R. Automatic processing in spider phobia: implicit fear associations over the course of treatment. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2003; 112: 100–109, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teachman B. A., Gregg A. P., Woody S. R. Implicit associations for fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2001; 110: 226–235, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffany S. T. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychol. Rev. 1990; 97: 147–168, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving E., Schacter D. L., Stark H. A. Priming effects in word fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 1982; 8: 336–342, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vacey M. W., Hazen R., Schmidt N. B. Attentional retraining for chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Paper Presented at the 36th Annual Conference of the American Association of Behavior Therapy. 2002
   Google Scholar
• Van den Hout M. A., Tenney N., Huijgens K., De Jong P. J. Preconscious processing bias in specific phobia. Behav. Res. Ther. 1997; 35: 29–34, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters A., Shiffman S., Bradley B. P., Mogg K. Attentional shifts to smoking cues in smokers. Addiction 2003; 98: 1409–1417, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters A. J., Shiffman S., Sayette M. A., Patty J. A., Gwalney C. J., Balabanis M. H. Attentional bias predicts outcome in smoking cessation. Health Psychol. 2003; 22(4)378–387, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins P. C. Implicit memory bias in depression. Cogn. Emo. 2002; 16(3)381–402, [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers R. W. The nature of natural representation. Memo 124, VF-Project Knowledge Acquisition in Formal Domains. University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Psychology, AmsterdamThe Netherlands 1992
   Google Scholar
• Wiers R. W., De Jong P. J. Implicit and explicit alcohol, smoking and drug-related cognitions and emotions. Progress in Social Psychology, F. Columbus. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, in press
   Google Scholar
• Wiers R. W., Gunning W. B., Sergeant J. A. Do young children of alcoholics hold more positive or negative alcohol-related expectancies than controls?. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1998; 22: 1855–1863, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers R. W., Gunning W. B., Sergeant J. A. Is a mild deficit in executive functions in boys related to childhood ADHD or to parental multigenerational alcoholism?. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 1998; 26: 415–430, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers R. W., Hartgers C. A., Van den Brink W., Gunning W. B., Sergeant J. A. A confirmatory analysis of the hierarchical structure of positive and negative dose-related alcohol expectancies in alcoholics and the associations with family history of alcoholism. J. Stud. Alc. 2000; 61: 177–186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiers R. W., Sergeant J. A., Gunning W. B. The assessment of alcohol expectancies in school children: measurement or modification?. Addiction 2000; 95: 737–746, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers R. W., Van de Luitgaarden J., Van den Wildenberg E., Smulders F. T. Y. Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in young heavy drinkers, submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Wiers R. W., Van Woerden N., Smulders F. T. Y., De Jong P. J. Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2002; 111: 648–658, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiers R. W., Wood M. D., Darkes J., Corbin W. R., Jones B. T., Sher K. J. Changing expectancies: cognitive mechanisms and context effects. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2003; 27: 186–197, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams J. M. G., Mathews A., MacLeod C. The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychol. Bull. 1996; 120: 3–24, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson T. D. Strangers to ourselves. Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 2002
   Google Scholar
• Wilson T. D., Lindsey S., Schooler T. Y. A model of dual attitudes. Psychol. Rev. 2000; 107(1)101–126, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters G., Prinsen A. A full versus divided attention and implicit memory performance. Mem. Cognit. 1997; 25: 764–771, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zack M., Poulos C. X., Fragopoulos F., MacLeod C. M. Effects of negative and positive mood phrases on priming of alcohol words in young drinkers with high and low anxiety sensitivity. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2003; 11: 176–185, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zack M., Toneatto T., MacLeod C. M. Clinical use of benzodiazepines and decreased memory activation in anxious problem drinkers. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1999; 23: 174–182, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zack M., Toneatto T., MacLeod C. M. Implicit activation of alcohol concepts by negative affective cues distinguishes between problem drinkers with high and low psychiatric distress. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1999; 108: 518–531, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar