A Review of the Effects of Breastfeeding on Respiratory Infections, Atopy, and Childhood Asthma

References

• Oddy W H, de Klerk N H, Sly P D, Holt P G. The effects of respiratory infections, atopy and breastfeeding on childhood asthma. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 899–905, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurs N, Bjarnason R, Sigurbergsson F, Kjellman B. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma and allergy at age 7. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1501–1507, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mutius E, Illi S, Hirsch T, Leupold W, Keil U, Weiland S K. Frequency of infections and risk of asthma, atopy and airway hyperresponsiveness in children. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 4–11, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez F D, Wright A L, Taussig L M, Holberg C J, Halonen M, Morgan W J. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med 1995; 332(3)133–138, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welliver R C, Duffy L. The relationship of RSV‐specific immunoglobulin E antibody responses in infancy, recurrent wheezing, and pulmonary function at age 7–8 years. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993; 15(1)19–27, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Martinez F D. Role of viral infections in the inception of asthma and allergies during childhood: could they be protective?. Thorax 1995; 49: 1189–1191
   Google Scholar
• Holt P G, Sly P D, Björksten B. Atopic versus infectious diseases in childhood: a question of balance?. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1997; 8: 53–58, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez F D, Holt P G. The role of microbial burden in the aetiology of allergy and asthma. Lancet 1999; 354(suppl 11)12–15, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Holt P G, Macaubas C, Stumbles P A, Sly P D. The role of allergy in the development of asthma. Nature 1999; 402(6760 suppl)B7–B12
   Google Scholar
• Martinez F D, Stern D A, Wright A L, Taussig L M, Halonen M. Association of non‐wheezing lower respiratory tract illnesses in early life with persistently diminished serum IgE levels. Group Health Medical Associates. Thorax 1995; 50(10)1067–1072, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peat J K, Salome C M, Woolcock A J. Longitudinal changes in atopy during a 4 year period: relation to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory symptoms in a population sample of Australian school children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 65–74, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrill D, Stein R, Kurzius‐Spencer M, Martinez F. On early sensitization to allergens and development of respiratory symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29(7)905–911, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Johnston S L, Pattemore P K, Sanderson G, Smith S, Campbell M J, Josephs L K, Cunningham A, Robinson B S, Myint S H, Ward M E, Tyrrell D AJ, Holgate S T. The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma: a time‐trend analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 654–660, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacs C E, Kashyap S, Heird W C, Thormar H. Antiviral antibacterial lipids in human milk and infant formula feeds. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 861–864, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamosh M. Protective functions of proteins and lipids in human milk [review. Biol Neonate 1998; 74: 163–176, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Oddy W H, Holt P G, Sly P D, Read A W, Landau L I, Stanley F J, Kendall G, Burton P R. Association between breastfeeding and asthma in 6 year old children: findings of a prospective birth cohort study. Br Med J 1999; 319: 815–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarinen U M, Kajosaari M. Breastfeeding as prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow‐up study until 17 years old. Lancet 1995; 346: 1065–1069, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tariq S M, Matthews S M, Hakim E A, Stevens M, Arshad S H, Hide D W. The prevalence of and risk factors for atopy in early childhood: a whole population birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101: 587–593, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthou M. Immune protection of human milk. Biol Neonate 1998; 74: 121–133, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pabst H F. Immunomodulation by breast‐feeding. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 991–995, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Hanson L Å. Breastfeeding provides passive and likely longlasting active immunity [review]. Ann Allergy, Asthma, & Immun 1998; 81: 523–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagtakhan R D, Bjelland J C, Landau L I, Loughlin G, Katenborn W, Seeley G, Taussig L. Sex differences in growth patterns of the airways and lung parenchyma in children. J Appl Physiol 1984; 56: 1204–1210, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Sears M R, Holdaway M D, Flannery E M, Herbison G P, Silva P A. Parental and neonatal risk factors for atopy, airway hyper‐responsiveness, and asthma. Arch Dis Child 1996; 75: 392–398, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez F D, Morgan W J, Wright A L, Holberg C J, Taussig L M. Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1112–1117, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez F D, Morgan W J, Holberg C J, Taussig L M, Wright A L. The relationship of feeding practices to lung function in infancy. Medicine, AJoRaCC. American Thoracic Society. 1993
   Google Scholar
• Oddy W H, Halonen M, Martinez F D, Lohman I C, Stern D A, Kurzius‐Spencer M, Guerra S, Wright A L. TGF‐β in human milk is associated with wheeze in infancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112(4)723–728, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Holt P G, Clough J B, Holt B J, Baron‐Hay M J, Rose A H, Robinson B WS, Thomas W R. Genetic ‘risk’ for atopy is associated with delayed postnatal maturation of T‐cell competence. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 1093–1099, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aberle J H, Aberle S W, Dworzak M N, Mandl C W, Rebhandl W, Vollnhofer G, Kundi M, Popow‐Kraupp T. Reduced interferon‐g expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1263–1268, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renzi P M, Turgeon J P, Marcotte J E, Drblik S P, Berube D, Gagnon M F, Spier S. Reduced interferon‐g production in infants with bronchiolitis and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1417–1422, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright A L, Holberg C J, Taussig L M, Martinez F D. Factors influencing the relation of infant feeding to asthma and recurrent wheeze in childhood. Thorax 2001; 56: 192–197, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears M R, Greene J M, Willan A R, Taylor D R, Flannery E M, Cowan J O, Herbison G P, Poulton R. Long‐term relation between breastfeeding and development of atopy and asthma in children and young adults: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2002; 360: 901–907, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oddy W, Peat J. Breastfeeding, asthma, and atopic disease: an epidemiological review of the literature. J Hum Lact 2003; 19(3)250–261, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Chandra R K. Interactions between early nutrition and the immune system. The Childhood Environment and Adult Disease. Wiley, Chichester 1991
   Google Scholar
• Garofalo R P, Goldman A S. Expression of functional immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory factors in human milk. Clin Perinatol 1999; 26(2)361–378, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höst A. Cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance in infancy. Some clinical, epidemiological and immunological aspects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1994; 5(suppl 5)5–36
   Google Scholar
• Shannon W R. Demonstration of food proteins in human breast milk. Am J Dis Child 1921; 22: 223
   Google Scholar
• Vandenplas Y. Myths and facts about breastfeeding: does it prevent later atopic disease?. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 1283–1287, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lifschitz C H, Hawkins H K, Guerra C, Byrd N. Anaphylactic shock due to cow's milk protein hypersensitivity in a breast‐fed infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988; 7(1)141–144, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Businco L, Dreborg S, Einarsson R, Giampietro P G, Höst A, Keller K M, Strobel S, Wahn U, Bjorksten B, Kjellman M N. Hydrolysed cow's milk formulae. Allergenicity and use in treatment and prevention. An ESPACI position paper. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1993; 4: 101–111, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Sorva R, Makinen‐Kiljunen S, Juntunen‐Backman K. Beta‐lactoglobulin secretion in human milk varies widely after cow's milk ingestion in mothers of infants with cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 93(4)787–792, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Höst A, Jacobsen H P, Halken S, Holmenlund D. The natural history of cow's milk protein allergy/intolerance. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49(suppl 1)S13–S18
   Google Scholar
• Stuart C A, Twiselton R, Nicholas M K, Hide D W. Passage of cows' milk protein in breast milk. Clin Allergy 1984; 14(6)533–535, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Boissieu D, Dupont C, Badoual J. Allergy to non‐dairy proteins in mother's milk as assessed by intestinal permeability tests. Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 49(10)882–884
   Google Scholar
• De Boissieu D, Matarazzo P, Rocchiccioli F, Dupont C. Multiple food allergy: a possible diagnosis in breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 1042–1046, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeiger R S, Heller S. The development and prediction of atopy in high‐risk children: follow‐up at age seven years in a prospective randomised study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95: 1179–1190, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiger R S. Dietary manipulations in infants and their mothers and the natural course of atopic disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1994; 5(suppl 1)33–43, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Hide D W, Guyer B M. Clinical manifestations of allergy related to breast and cows' milk feeding. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 172–175, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno G, Milita O, Ferrara M, Nisini R, Cantani A, Businco L. Prevention of atopic diseases in high risk babies (long‐term follow‐up). Allergy Proc 1993; 14: 181–187, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucas A, Brooke O G, Morley R. Early diet of preterm infants and development of allergic or atopic disease: randomised prospective study. Br Med J 1990; 300(6728)837–840
   Google Scholar
• Lovegrove J A, Morgan J B, Hampton S M. Dietary factors influencing levels of food antibodies and antigens in breast milk. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 778–784, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lovegrove J A, Hampton S M, Morgan J BBJN. The immunological and long term outcome of infants born to women following a milk‐free diet during late pregnancy and lactation. A pilot study. Br J Nutr 1994; 71: 223–238, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Höst A, Koletzko B, Dreborg S, Muraro A, Wahn U, Aggfett P, Bresson J‐L, Hernell O, Lafeber H, Michaelson K F, Micheli J‐L, Rigo J, Weaver L, Heymans H, Strobel S, Vandenplas Y. Dietary products used in infants for treatment and prevention of food allergy. Joint statement of the European Society for Paediatric Allergology and Clinical Immunology (ESPACI) Committee on Hypoallergenic Formulas and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. Arch Dis Child 1999; 81: 80–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor B. Transient IgA deficiency and pathogenesis of infantile atopy. Lancet 1973; ii: 111–113
   Google Scholar
• Saarinen K, Juntenen‐Backman K, Järvenpää A L, Kuitman P, Renlund M. Early feeding of cow's milk formula—a risk for cow's milk allergy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol 1997; 24: 461
   Google Scholar
• Thorell L, Sjoberg L B, Hernell O. Nucleotides in human milk: sources and metabolism by the newborn infant. Pediatr Res 1996; 40: 845–852, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perin N M, Clandinin M T, Thomson A BR. Importance of milk and diet on the ontogeny and adaptation of the intestine. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 24: 419–425, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Michie C A, Tantscher E, Rot A. The long term effects of breastfeeding: a role for the cells in breast milk?. J Trop Pediatr 1998; 44: 2–3, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Hasselbalch H, Jeppeson D L, Engelmann M DM, Michaelsen K F, Nielsen M B. Decreased thymus size in formula‐fed infants compared with breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 1029–1032, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Delire M, Cambiaso C L, Masson P L. Circulating immune complexes in infants fed on cow's milk. Nature 1978; 272(5654)632, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenmalm M C, Bjorksten B. Exposure to cow's milk during the first 3 months of life is associated with increased levels of IgG subclass antibodies to beta‐lactoglobulin to 8 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102(4 Pt 1)671–678, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Sheard N F, Walker W A. The role of breast milk in the development of the gastrointestinal tract. Nutr Rev 1988; 46(1)1–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthou M, Bines J, Walker W A. Human milk and intestinal host defense in newborns: an update. Adv Pediatr 1995; 42: 171–208, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grosvenor C E, Picciano M F, Baumrucker C R. Hormones and growth factors in milk. Endocr Rev 1992; 14(6)710–728, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Jain L, Vidyassagar D, Xanthou M, Ghai V, Shimada S, Blend M. In vivo distribution of human milk leukocytes after ingestion by newborn baboons. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 930–933, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koldovsky O, Goldman A. Growth factors in human milk. Mucosal Immunology2nd ed., P Ogra, J Mestecky, M Lamm, et al. Academic Press, Orlando, FL 1998
   Google Scholar
• Hamosh M. Enzymes in human milk. Handbook of Milk Composition, R G Jenson. San Diego Academic Press, San Diego 1995; 288–427
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg T. Protease inhibitors in human milk. Pediatr Res 1979; 13(9)969–972, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg T, Ohlsson K, Westrom B. Protease inhibitors and their relation to protease activity in human milk. Pediatr Res 1982; 16(6)479–483, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Sbarra V, Mas E, Henderson T R, Hamosh M, Lombardo D, Hamosh P D. Digestive lipases of the newborn ferret: compensatory role of milk bile‐salt‐dependent‐lipase. Pediatr Res 1996; 40: 263–268, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furukawa M, Narahara H, Johnston J M. The presence of platelet‐activating factor acetyl hydrolase in milk. J Lipid Res 1993; 34: 1603–1609, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan M S, Hsueh W. Necrotizing enterocolitis: role of platelet activating factor, endotoxin, and tumor necrosis factor. J Pediatr 1990; 117(1 Pt. 2)S47–S51, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foreman‐van Drongelen M M, Houwelingen A C, Kester A D, Blanco C E, Hasaart T H, Hornstra G. Influence of feeding artificial‐formula milks containing docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids on the postnatal long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status of healthy preterm infants. Br J Nutr 1996; 76: 649–667, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Mehr R, Perelson A S, Fridkis‐Hareli M, Globerson A. Regulatory feedback pathways in the thymus. Immunol Today 1997; 18(12)581–585, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miles E A, Calder P C. Modulation of immune function by dietary fatty acids. Proc Nutr Soc 1998; 57: 277–292, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence R. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession4th ed. CV Mosby, St. Louis 1994
   Google Scholar
• Roitt I, Brostoff J. Immunology4th ed. Mosby, Barcelona 1996
   Google Scholar
• Chandra R K, Puri S. Predictive value of cord blood IgE in the development of atopic disease and role of breast‐feeding in its prevention. Clin Allergy 1985; 15(6)517–522, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Anderson K N. Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary5th ed. Mosby‐Year Book, St. Louis, MO 1998
   Google Scholar
• Gustafsson D LT, Andersson K. Risk of developing atopic disease after early feeding with cows' milk based formula. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 1008–1010, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman R E, Walker W A. The enteromammary immune system: an important new concept in breast milk host defense. Dig Dis Sci 1979; 24(11)876–882, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Hanson L Å, Hahn‐Zoric M, Berndes M, Ashraf R, Heria V, Jalil F, Bhutta T I, Laeeq A, Mattsby‐Baltzer I. Breastfeeding: overview and breast milk immunology. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1994; 36: 557–561, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Hanson L Å. Comparative immunologic studies of the immune globulins of human milk and of blood serum. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1961; 18: 241–267, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heufler C, Koch F, Stanzl U, Topar G, Wysocka M, Trinchieri G, Enk A, Schuler G. Interleukin‐12 is produced by dendritic cells and mediates T helper 1 development as well as interferon‐gamma production by T helper 1 cells. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26: 659–668, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridge J P, Fuchs E J, Matzinger P. Neonatal tolerance revisited: turning on newborn T cells with dendritic cells. Science 1996; 271: 1723–1726, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphey E, Shibuya K, Hosken N. Reversibility of T‐helper 1 and 2 populations is lost after long term stimulation. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 901–913, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Stromquist M, Folk P, Bergstrom S, Hanson L, Lonnerdal B, Normark S, Hernell O. Human milk k‐casein and inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric mucosa. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 21: 288–296
   Google Scholar
• Aniansson G, Andersson B, Lindstedt R, Svanberg C. Antiadhesive activity of human casein against Steptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae. Microbiol Pathol 1990; 8: 315–323, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Azuma N, Yamauchi K, Mitsuoka T. Bifidus growth promoting activity of a glycomacropeptide obtained from human k‐casein. Agric Biol Chem 1984; 48: 2149–2152
   Google Scholar
• Peterson J A, Hamosh M, Scallan C D, Ceriani R L, Henderson T R, Mehta N R, Armand M, Hamosh P. Milk fat globule glycoproteins in human milk and in gastric aspirates of mother's milk‐fed preterm infants. Pediatr Res 1998; 44(4)499–506, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Bellamy W, Takase M, Yamauchi K, Wakabayashi H, Kawase K, Tomita M. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1121: 130–136, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita M, Takase M, Wakabayashi H, Bellamy W. Antimicrobial peptides of lactoferrin. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 357: 209–218, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyazawa K, Mantel C, Lu L, Morrison D C, Broxmeyer H E. Lactoferrin‐lipopolysaccharide interactions. Effect on lactoferrin binding to monocyte/macrophage‐differentiated HL‐60 cells. J Immunol 1991; 146: 723–729, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misra U K, Chu C T, Gawdi G, Pizzo S. The relationship between low density lipoprotein‐related protein/alpha‐2‐macroglobulin (alpha 2M) receptors and the newly described alpha 2M signaling receptor. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 18303–18306, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Mattsby‐Baltzer I, Roseanu A, Motas C, Elvefors J, Engberg I, Hanson L A. Lactoferrin or a fragment thereof inhibits endotoxin‐induced interleukin‐6 response in human monocyte cells. Pediatr Res 1996; 40: 257–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartal L, Padeh S, Passwell J H. Lactoferrin inhibits prostaglandin E2 secretion by breastmilk macrophages. Pediatr Res 1987; 21: 54–57, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mechnicki M, Zimecki M, Zaguski T. Lactoferrin regulates the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin‐6 in vivo. Int J Exp Pathol 1993; 74: 433–439
   Google Scholar
• Chipman D M, Sharon N. Mechanism of lysozyme action. Science 1969; 165: 454–465, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koletzko B, Aggett P J, Bindels J G, Bung P, Ferre P, Gil A, Lentze M J, Roberfroid M, Strobel S. Growth, development and differentiation: a functional food science approach. Br J Nutr 1998; 80(suppl 1)S5–S45, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Caterina R, Libby P. Control of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules by fatty acids. Lipids 1996; 31(suppl 1)S57–S63, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Blok W L, Katan M B, van der Meer J WM. Modulation of inflammation and cytokine production by dietary (n‐3) fatty acids. J Nutr 1996; 126: 1515–1533, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Caterina R, Bernini W. Structural requirements for inhibition of cytokine‐induced endothelial activation by unsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1998; 39(5)1062–1070, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Peat J K, Webb K. Childhood Asthma Prevention Study Protocol. The New Children's Hospital, Sydney 1997
   Google Scholar
• Hodge L, Peat J K, Salome C. Increased consumption of polyunsaturated oils may be a cause of increased prevalence of childhood asthma. Aust N Z J Med 1994; 24: 727, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graber R, Sumida C, Nunez E A. Fatty acids and cell signal transduction. J Lipid Mediators Cell Signal 1994; 9: 91–116, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke S D, Jump D B. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription. Annu Rev Nutr 1994; 14: 83–98, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Businco L, Ioppi M, Morse N L, Nisini R, Wright S. Breast milk from mothers of children with newly developed atopic eczema has low levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91(6)1134–1139, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Yu G, Björkstén B. Serum levels of phospholipid fatty acids in mothers and their babies in relation to allergic disease. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157: 298–303, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Yu G, Duchén K, Björkstén B. Fatty acid composition in colostrum and mature milk from non‐atopic and atopic mothers during the first 6 months of lactation. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87: 729–736, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright A L, Holberg C J, Taussig L M, Halonen M, Martinez F D. The relation of infant feeding to asthma in childhood is altered by maternal asthma status. Society, ALAAT. American Thoracic Society, San Diego, CA 1999
   Google Scholar
• van Houwelingen A C, Sorensen J D, Hornstra G, Simonis M M, Boris J, Olsen S F, Secher N J. Essential fatty acid status in neonates after fish‐oil supplementation during late pregnancy. Br J Nutr 1995; 74(5)723–731, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Newburg D S. Human milk glycoconjugates that inhibit pathogens. Curr Med Chem 1999; 6: 117–127, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman A S, Thorpe L W, Goldblum R M, Hanson L A. Anti‐inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatr Scand 1986; 75(5)689–695, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Andersson B, Porras O, Hanson L A, Lagergard T, Svanborg‐Eden C. Inhibition of attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae by human milk and receptor oligosaccharides. J Infect Dis 1986; 153(2)232–237, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson S E. N‐acetylneuraminic acid concentrations in human milk oligosaccharides and glycoproteins during lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41(4)720–726, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Moya F R. Textbook in Neonatal Nutrition, R Suskind, L Suskind. Raven, New York 1991
   Google Scholar
• Ebrahim G J. Breastmilk nucleotides. J Trop Paediatr 1998; 44: 318–319, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Gil A, Pita M, Martinez A, Molina J, Sanchez‐Pozo A. Effect of dietary nucleotides on the plasma fatty acids in at‐term neonates. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1986; 40(3)185–195, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Uauy R, Stringel G, Thomas R, Quan R. Effect of dietary nucleosides on growth and maturation of the developing gut in the rat. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990; 10: 497–503, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering L K, Granoff D M, Erickson J R, Masor M L, Cordle C T, Schaller J P, Winship T R, Paule C L, Hilty M D. Modulation of the immune system by human milk and infant formula containing nucleotides. Pediatrics 1998; 101: 242–249, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donné A. Course de Microscopie. Ballière, Bonn 1844
   Google Scholar
• Smith C W, Goldman A S. The cells of human colostrum. I. In vitro studies of morphology and functions. Pediatr Res 1966; 20: 103
   Google Scholar
• Goldman A S. The immune system of human milk: antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 664–672, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkaragoz F, Rudloff H B, Rajaraman S, Mushtaha A A, Schmalstieg F C, Goldman A S. The motility of human milk macrophages in collagen gels. Pediatr Res 1988; 23: 449–452, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Weaver E A, Rudloff H E, Goldblum R M. Secretion of immunoglobulin A by human milk leukocytes initiated by surface membrane stimuli. J Immunol 1984; 132: 684–689, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitt J. The milk mononuclear phagocyte. Pediatrics 1979; 64(suppl)745, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Blau H, Passwell J H, Levanon M. Studies on human milk macrophages: effect of activation on phagocytosis and secretion of prostaglandin E2 and lysozyme. Pediatr Res 1983; 17: 241–245, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Skansen‐Saphir V, Lindfors A, Andersson U. Cytokine production in mononuclear cells of human milk studies at the single‐cell level. Pediatr Res 1993; 34: 213–216, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyva‐Cobian F, Clements J. Phenotype characterisation and functional activity of human milk macrophages. Immunol Cell 1984; 8: 249
   Google Scholar
• Carlsson B, Hanson L. Immunologic effects of breastfeeding on the infant. Handbook of Mucosal Immunology, P L Ogra, M E Lamm, J R McGheet, J Mestecky, W Strober, J Bienenstock. Academic Press, San Diego 1994; 653–660
   Google Scholar
• Slade H B, Schwartz S A. Antigen‐driven immunoglobulin production by human colostral lymphocytes. Pediatr Res 1989; 23: 295–299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson J E, Harvey B AM, Soothill J F. Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and yeast by human milk cells after opsonisation in aqueous phase of milk. Br Med J 1978; i(6125)1443–1445
   Google Scholar
• Keeney S E, Schmalstieg F C, Palkowetz K H, Rudloff H E, Le B M, Goldman A S. Activated neutrophils and neutrophil activators in human milk: increased expression of CD11b and decreased expression of L‐selectin. J Leukoc Biol 1993; 54: 97–104, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Goldman A S, Goldblum R M. Human milk: immunologic‐nutritional relationships. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 58: 236–245, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Siafakas C, Sanderson A, Walker W A. Breast milk cells and their interaction with intestinal mucosa. Third Neonatal Hematology and Immunology Symposium, J A Bellanti, C Bracci, G Prindull, M Xanthou. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1998; 121–126
   Google Scholar
• Pabst H F, Spady D W, Pilarski L M, Carson M M, Beeler J A, Krezolek M P. Effect of breast‐feeding on immune response to BCG vaccination. Lancet 1989; 1: 295–297, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pabst H F, Spady D W. Effect of breast‐feeding on antibody response to conjugate vaccine. Lancet 1990; 2: 269–270, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn‐Zoric M, Fulconis F, Minoli I, Moro G, Carlsson B, Bottiger M, Raiha N, Hanson L A. Antibody responses to parenteral and oral vaccines are impaired by conventional and low protein formulas as compared to breastfeeding. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990; 79: 1137–1142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooton J WL, Pabst H F, Spady D W, Paetkau V. Human colostrum contains an activity that inhibits the production of IL‐2. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 86: 520–524, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mandalapu P, Pabst H F, Paetku V. A novel immunosuppressive factor in human colostrum. Cell Immunol 1995; 162: 178–184, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Pabst H F, Spady D W, Pilarski L M, Carson M M, Beeler J A, Krezolek M P. Differential modulation of the immune response by breast‐ or formula‐feeding of infants. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 1291–1297, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell D A, Lorber M I, Sweeton J C, Turcotte J G, Niederhuber J E, Beer A E. Breastfeeding and maternal‐donor renal allografts. Transplantation 1984; 37(4)340–344, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ellis T M, Atkinson M A. Early infant diets and insulin‐dependent diabetes. Lancet 1996; 347: 1464–1465, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borch‐Johnsen K, Joner G, Mandrup‐Poulsen T, Christy M, Zachau‐Christiansen B, Kastrup K, Nerup J. Relation between breastfeeding and incidence rates of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1984; 2: 1083–1086, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen S M, Räsänen L, Ylönen K, Aro A, Clayton D, Langholz B, Pitkäniemi J, Savilahti E, Lounamaa R, Tuomilehto J, Åkerblom H K. Early introduction of dairy products associated with increased risk of IDDM in Finnish children. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1786–1790, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaarala O, Paronen J, Otonkoski T, Akerblom H K. Cow milk feeding induces antibodies to insulin in children—a link between cow milk and insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Scand J Immunol 1998; 47(2)131–135, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Willems R, Duchateau J, Magrez P, Denis R, Casimir G. Influence of hypoallergenic milk formula on the incidence of early allergic manifestations in infants predisposed to atopic diseases. Ann Allergy 1993; 71(2)147–150, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Pettitt D J, Forman M R, Hanson R L, Knowler W C, Bennett P H. Breastfeeding and incidence of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Lancet 1997; 350: 166–168, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisacane A, Impagliazzo N, Russo M, Valiani R, Mandarini A, Florio C, Vivo P. Breast feeding and multiple sclerosis. Br Med J 1994; 308(6941)1411–1412
   Google Scholar
• Brun J G, Nilssen S, Kvale G. Breast‐feeding, other reproductive factors and rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective study. Br J Rheumatol 1995; 34(6)542–546, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Fort P, Moses N, Fasano M, Goldberg T, Lifshitz F. Breast and soy‐formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children. J Am Coll Nutr 1990; 9(2)164–167, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis M K. Review of the evidence for an association between infant feeding and childhood cancer. Int J Cancer 1998; 11(suppl)29–33
   Google Scholar
• Davis M K, Savitz D A, Grauford B. Infant feeding and childhood cancer. Lancet 1988; 2(8607)365–368, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank A L, Taber L H, Glezen W P, Kasel G L, Wells C R, Paredes A. Breast feeding and respiratory virus infection. Pediatrics 1982; 70: 239–245, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Laegreid A, Kolsto A, Otnaess B, Orstavik I, Carlsen K H. Neutralizing activity in human milk fractions against respiratory syncytial virus. Acta Pædiatrica Scandinavica 1986; 75(5)696–701, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Wright A L, Taussig L M, Ray G C, Harrison H R, Holberg C J. The Tucson Children's Respiratory Study. II. Lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 1232–1246, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howie P W, Forsyth J S, Ogston S A, Clark A, Florey C D. Protective effect of breastfeeding against infection. Br Med J 1990; 300: 11–16, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holberg C J, Wright A L, Martinez F D, Ray C G, Taussig L M, Lebowitz M D, and Group Medical Associates. Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus‐associated lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 1135–1151, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudry M, Dufour R, Marcoux S. Relation between infant feeding and infections during the first six months of life. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 191–197, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadi A T, Blackwell C C, Essery S D, Raza M W, el Ahmer O R, MacKenzie D A, James V S, Weir D M, Ogilvie M M, Elton R A, Busuttil A, Keeling J W. Development and environmental factors that enhance binding of Bordetella pertussis to human epithelial cells in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1996; 16(1)51–59, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Nafsted P, Jaakola J J, Hagen J A, Botten G, Kongerud J. Breastfeeding, maternal smoking and lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 1996; 9(12)2623–2639, [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Cushing A H, Samet J M, Lambert W E, Skipper B J, Hunt W C, Young S A, McLaren L C. Breastfeeding reduces risk of respiratory illness in infants. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147(9)863–870, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welliver R C. Respiratory syncytial virus immunoglobulin and monoclonal antibodies in the prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Semin Perinatol 1998; 22(1)87–95, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiba Y, Minagawa T, Mito K, Nakane A, Suga K, Honjo T, Nakao T. Effect of breast feeding on responses of systemic interferon and virus‐specific lymphocyte transformation in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Virol 1987; 21(1)7–14, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Barros M D, Carneriro‐Sampaio M MS. Milk composition of low birth weight infants' mothers. Acta Pædiatr Scand 1984; 73: 693–694, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Mayer E J, Hamman R F, Gay E C, Lezotte D C, Savitz D A, Klingensmith G J. Reduced risk of IDDM among breast‐fed children. The Colorado IDDM Registry. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1625–1632, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koletzko S, Griffiths A, Corey M, Smith C, Sherman P. Infant feeding practices and ulcerative colitis in childhood. Br Med J 1991; 302(6792)1580–1581
   Google Scholar
• Koletzko S, Sherman P, Corey M, Griffiths A, Smith C. Role of infant feeding practices in development of Crohn's disease in childhood. Br Med J 1989; 298(6688)1617–1618
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machtinger S, Moss R. Cow's milk allergy in breast‐fed infants: the role of allergen and maternal secretory IgA antibody. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 77(2)
   Google Scholar
• Hanson L Å, Mattsby‐Baltzer I, Engberg I. Anti‐inflammatory capacities of human milk: lactoferrin and secretory IgA inhibit endotoxin‐induced cytokine release. Mucosal Immunology, J Mestecky. Plenum Press, New York 1995; 669–672
   Google Scholar
• He J, Furmanski P. Sequence, specificity and transcriptional activation in the binding of lactoferrin to DNA. Nature 1995; 373: 721–724, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrea E M, Balun J E, Winkler R, Porter T. Influence of breast‐feeding on the restoration of the low serum concentration of vitamin E and beta‐carotene in the newborn infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154(5)1014–1017, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Nuijens J H, vanBerkel P H, Schanbacher F L. Structure and biological action of lactoferrin. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1996; 1: 285–295, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo R P, Goldman A S. Cytokines, chemokines, and colony‐stimulating factors in human milk: the 1997 update. Biol Neonate 1998; 74(2)134–142, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Goldman A S. The immunological system in human milk: the past‐a pathway to the future. Advances in Nutritional Research, W H Woodward. Plenum Press. 1998
   Google Scholar
• Rudloff H E, Schmalstieg F CJ, Mushtaha A A, Palkowetz K H, Lui S K, Goldman A S. Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in human milk. Pediatr Res 1992; 31: 29–33, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz C, Endres S, van der meer J, Schlesinger L, Arevalo M, Dinarello C. Interleukin‐1‐beta in human colostrum. Res Immunol 1990; 141(6)505–513, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Rudloff H E, Schmalstieg F C, Palkowetz K H, Paszkiewicz E J, Goldman A S. Interleukin‐6 in human milk. J Reprod Immunol 1993; 23: 13–20, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Palkowetz K H, Royer C L, Garofalo R, Rudloff H E, Schmalstieg F C, Goldman A S. Production of interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐8 by human mammary gland epithelial cells. J Reprod Immunol 1994; 26: 57–64, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Garofalo R, Chheda S, Mei F, Palkowetz K H, Rudloff H E, Schmalstieg F C, Rassin D K, Goldman A S. Interleukin‐10 in human milk. Pediatr Res 1995; 37(4 Pt. 1)444–449, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buescher E S, McIlheran S M. Colostral antioxidants: separation and characterization of two activities in human colostrum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992; 14(1)47–56, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Dinarello C A, Wolff S M. The role of interleukin‐1 in disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328(2)106–113, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Dinarello C A. Interleukin‐1. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1997; 8(4)253–265, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buescher E S, McWilliams‐Koeppen P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF‐alpha and neutralize TNF‐alpha bioactivity. Pediatr Res 1998; 44(1)37–42, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ding A, Nathan C F, Graycar J, Derynck R, Stuehr D J, Srimal S. Macrophage deactivating factor and transforming growth factors‐beta 1, ‐beta 2 and ‐beta 3 inhibit induction of macrophage nitrogen oxide synthesis by IFN‐gamma. J Immunol 1990; 145(3)940–944, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Childers N K, Bruce M G, McGhee J R. Molecular mechanisms of immunoglobulin A defense. Annu Rev Microbiol 1989; 43: 503–536, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu‐Ghazaleh R I, Fujisawa T, Mestecky J, Kyle R A, Gleich G J. IgA‐induced eosinophil degranulation. J Immunol 1989; 142(7)2393–2400
   Google Scholar
• Schwarze J, Cieslewicz G, Joetham A, Sun L K, Sun W N, Chang T W, Hamelmann E, Gelfand E W. Antigen‐specific immunoglobulin‐A prevents increased airway responsiveness and lung eosinophilia after airway challenge in sensitized mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158(2)519–525, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Sarfati M, Vanderbeeken Y, Rubio‐Trujillo M, Duncan D, Delespesse G. Presence of IgE suppressor factors in human colostrum. Eur J Immunol 1986; 16: 1005–1008, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neu J, Wu‐Wang C Y, Measel C P, Gimotty P. Prostaglandin concentrations in human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47(4)649–652, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Reid B, Smith H, Friedman Z. Prostaglandins in human milk. Pediatrics 1980; 66(6)870–872, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar