Commiphora mukul attenuates peripheral neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve in rats

References

• Ossipov MH, Lopez Y, Nichols ML, Bian D, Porreca F. The loss of antinociceptive efficacy of spinal morphine in rats with nerve ligation injury is prevented by reducing spinal afferent drive. Neurosci Lett 1995;199:87–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleeker CP, Bremer RC, Dongelmans DA, van Dongen RT, Crul BJ. Inefficacy of high-dose transdermal fentanyl in a patient with neuropathic pain, a case report. Eur J Pain 2001;5:325–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onghena P, Van Houdenhove B. Antidepressant-induced analgesia in chronic non-malignant pain: a meta-analysis of 39 placebo-controlled studies. Pain 1992;49:205–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arner S, Lindblom U, Meyerson BA, Molander C. Prolonged relief of neuralgia after regional anesthetic blocks. A call for further experimental and systematic clinical studies. Pain 1990;43:287–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowbotham MC, Reisner-Keller LA, Fields HL. Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of post-herpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1991;41:1024–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis KD, Treede RD, Raja SN, Meyer RA, Campbell JN. Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain 1991;47:309–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges D, Thompson SW, Rice AS. Mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Br J Anaesth 2001;87:12–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett GJ, Xie YK. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in Man. Pain 1988;33:87–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer Z, Dubner R, Shir Y. A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury. Pain 1990;43:205–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Chung JM. An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat. Pain 1992;50:355–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decosterd I, Woolf CJ. Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain 2000;87:149–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox A, Gentry C, Patel S, Kesingland A, Bevan S. Comparative activity of the anti-convulsants oxcarbazepine, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and gabapentin in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat and guinea-pig. Pain 2003;105:355–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdall T, Robinson I, Meert TF. Comparison of five different rat models of peripheral nerve injury. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005;80:93–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna DS, Agarwal OP, Gupta SK, Arora RB. A biochemical approach to anti-atherosclerotic action of Commiphora mukul: an Indian indigenous drug in Indian domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Indian J Med Res 1969;57:900–6.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna N, Arora D, Halder S, Mehta AK, Garg GR, Sharma SB, et al. Comparative effect of Ocimum sanctum, Commiphora mukul, folic acid and ramipril on lipid peroxidation in experimentally-induced hyperlipidemia. Indian J Exp Biol 2010;48:299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma SK, Bordia A. Effect of Commiphora mukul (gum guggul) in patients of hyperlipidemia with special reference to HDL-cholesterol. Indian J Med Res 1988;87:356–60.
   Google Scholar
• Ulbricht C, Basch E, Szapary P, Hammerness P, Axentsev S, Boon H, et al. Guggul for hyperlipidemia: a review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Complement Ther Med 2005;13:279–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Commiphora mukul as an adjunct to dietary therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1994;8:659–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinal CJ, Gonzalez FJ. Guggulsterone: an old approach to a new problem. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002;3:275–6.
   Google Scholar
• Urizar NL, Moore DD. GUGULIPID: a natural cholesterol-lowering agent. Annu Rev Nutr 2003;23:303–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uma Devi P, Ganasoundari A, Rao BS, Srinivasan KK. In vivo radioprotection by Ocimum flavinoids: survival of mice. Radiat Res 1999;151:74–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta AK, Halder S, Khanna N, Tandon OP, Singh UR, Sharma KK. Role of NMDA and opioid receptors in neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2012;23:49–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta AK, Halder S, Khanna N, Tandon OP, Sharma KK. Antagonism of stimulation-produced analgesia by naloxone and NMDA: role of opioid and NMDA receptors. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012a;31:51–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaksh TL, Tyce GM. Microinjection of morphine into periaqueductal gray evokes the release of serotonin from spinal cord. Brain Res 1979;171:176–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Amour FE, Smith DL. A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1941;72:74–9.
   Google Scholar
• Childers WE Jr, Baudy RB. N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists and neuropathic pain: the search for relief. J Med Chem 2007;50:2557–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarberg BH, Billington R. Consequences of neuropathic pain: quality of life issues and associated costs. Am J Manag Care 2006;12:263–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal S, Khilnani G, Singhvi I, Singla S, Khilnani AK. Guggulipid of Commiphora mukul, with antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities in both sciatic nerve and spinal nerve ligation models of neuropathic pain. Pharm Biol 2013;51:1487–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickenson AH, Chapman V, Green GM. The pharmacology of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid mediated events in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal cord. Gen Pharmacol 1997;28:633–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parsons CG. NMDA receptors as targets for drug action in neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;429:71–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlton JM, Dougherty PM, Pover CM, Coggeshall RE. Neuroma formation and numbers of axons in a rat model of experimental peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci Lett 1991;131:88–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basbaum AI, Gautron M, Jazat F, Mayes M, Guibaud G. The spectrum of fiber loss in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat: an electron microscopic study. Pain 1991;47:359–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hains BC, Saab CY, Klein JP, Craner MJ, Waxman SG. Altered sodium channel expression in second-order spinal sensory neurons contributes to pain after peripheral nerve injury. J Neurosci 2004;24:4832–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris JA, Corsi M, Quartaroli M, Arban R, Bentivoglio M. Upregulation of spinal glutamate receptors in chronic pain. Neuroscience 1996;74:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croul S, Radzievsky A, Sverstuik A, Murray M. NK1, NMDA, 5HT1a, and 5HT2 receptor binding sites in the rat lumbar spinal cord: modulation following sciatic nerve crush. Exp Neurol 1998;154:66–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng R. Therapeutic effects of guggul and its constituent guggulsterone: cardiovascular benefits. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2007;25:375–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu N, Rafi MM, DiPaola RS, Xin J, Chin CK, Badmaev V, et al. Bioactive constituents from gum guggul (Commiphora wightii). Phytochemistry 2001;56:723–7.
   Google Scholar
• Nagarajan M, Waszkuc TW, Sun J. Simultaneous determination of E- and Z-guggulsterones in dietary supplements containing Commiphora mukul extract (guggulipid) by liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int 2001;84:24–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godhwani S, Godhwani JL, Vyas DS. Ocimum sanctum: an experimental study evaluating its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity in animals. J Ethnopharmacol 1987;21:153–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh B, Saralakumari D. Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of Commiphora mukul gum resin in fructose-fed male Wistar rats. J Physiol Biochem 2012;68:573–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh B, Karuna R, Sreenivasa RS, Haritha K, Sai MD, Sasi BR, et al. Effect of Commiphora mukul gum resin on hepatic marker enzymes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status in pancreas and heart of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:895–900.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ojha S, Bhatia J, Arora S, Golechha M, Kumari S, Arya DS. Cardioprotective effects of Commiphora mukul against isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxicity: a biochemical and histopathological evaluation. J Environ Biol 2011;32:731–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna N, Malhotra RS, Mehta AK, Garg GR, Halder S, Sharma KK. Interaction of morphine and potassium channel openers on experimental models of pain in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011;25:479–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna N, Malhotra RS, Mehta AK, Garg GR, Halder S, Sharma KK. Potassium channel openers exhibit cross-tolerance with morphine in two experimental models of pain. West Indian Med J 2010;59:473–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong D, Geng C, Jiang L, Aoki Y, Nakano M, Zhong L. Effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone on neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;697:53–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro SA, Serafim KG, Mizokami SS, Hohmann MS, Casagrande R, Verri WA Jr. Analgesic activity of piracetam: effect on cytokine production and oxidative stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013;105:183–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner R, Janjigian M, Myers RR. Anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 therapy in CCI neuropathy decreases thermal hyperalgesia, macrophage recruitment, and endoneural TNF α expression. Pain 1998;74:35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui JG, Holmin S, Mathiesen T, Meyerson B, Linderoth B. Possible role of inflammatory mediators in tactile hypersensitivity in rat model of mono-neuropathy. Pain 2000;88:239–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik AK, Tandan SK, Dudhgaonkar SP, Jadhav SH, Kataria M, Prakash VR, et al. Role of oxidative stress in pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathy and modulation by N-acetyl-l-cysteine in rats. Eur J Pain 2006;10:573–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner R, Heckman HM, Myers RR. Wallerian degeneration and hyperalgesia after peripheral nerve injury are glutathione-dependent. Pain 1998;77:173–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Meena S, Kalonia H, Gupta A, Kumar P. Effect of nitric oxide in protective effect of melatonin against chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury induced neuropathic pain in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2011;49:664–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isacchi B, Fabbri V, Galeotti N, Bergonzi MC, Karioti A, Ghelardini C, et al. Salvianolic acid B and its liposomal formulations: anti-hyperalgesic activity in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011;44:552–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaulaskar S, Bhutada P, Rahigude A, Jain D, Harle U. Effects of naringenin on allodynia and hyperalgesia in rats with chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2012;10:1482–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim HK, Park SK, Zhou JL, Taglialatela G, Chung K, Coggeshall RE, et al. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain 2004;111:116–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park ES, Gao X, Chung JM, Chung K. Levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species increase in rat neuropathic spinal dorsal horn neurons. Neurosci Lett 2006;391:108–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twining CM, Sloane EM, Milligan ED, Chacur M, Martin D, Poole S, et al. Peri-sciatic pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and complement induce mirror-image neuropathic pain in rats. Pain 2004;110:299–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guedes RP, Bosco LD, Teixeira CM, Arrujo AS, Llesuy S, Bello-klein A, et al. Neuropathic pain modifies antioxidant activity in rat spinal cord. Neurochem Res 2006;31:603–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebhard C, Stampfli SF, Gebhard CE, Akhmedov A, Breitenstein A, Camici GG, et al. Guggulsterone, an anti-inflammatory phytosterol, inhibits tissue factor and arterial thrombosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2009;104:285–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YR, Lee JH, Noh EM, Kim EK, Song MY, Jung WS, et al. Guggulsterone blocks IL-1beta mediated inflammatory responses by suppressing NF-kappaB activation in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Life Sci 2008;6:1203–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lv N, Song MY, Kim EK, Park JW, Kwon KB, Park BH. Guggulsterone, a plant sterol, inhibits NF-kappaB activation and protects pancreatic beta cells from cytokine toxicity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008;289:49–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meselhy MR. Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production by the oleogum resin of Commiphora wightii and its constituents. Phytochemistry 2003;62:213–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niranjan R, Nath C, Shukla R. Guggulipid and nimesulide differentially regulated inflammatory genes mRNA expressions via inhibition of NF-κB and CHOP activation in LPS-stimulated rat astrocytoma cells, C6. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011;31:755–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarfaraz S, Siddiqui IA, Syed DN, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Guggulsterone modulates MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in SENCAR mice. Carcinogenesis 2008;29:2011–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB. Guggulsterone inhibits NF-kappaB and Ikappa-Balpha kinase activation, suppresses expression of anti-apoptotic gene products, and enhances apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004;279:47148–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song JJ, Kwon SK, Cho CG, Park SW, Chae SW. Guggulsterone suppresses LPS induced inflammation of human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEEC). Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010;74:1384–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar