Sildenafil in erectile dysfunction: a critical review

References

• Boolell M, Allen MJ, Ballard SA, Gepi-Attee S, Muirhead GJ, Naylor AM, Osterloh IH, Gingell C. Sildenafil: an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1996;8 :47–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein I, Lue TF, Padma-Nathan H, Rosen RC, Steers WD, Wicker PA. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1397–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg KP. Sildenafil citrate for SSRI-induced sexual side effects. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langtry HD, Markham A. Sildenafil. A review of its use in erec-tile dysfunction. Drugs 1999;57:967–89
   Google Scholar
• McMahon CG, Samali R, Johnson H. Efficacy, safety and patient acceptance of sildenafil citrate as treatment for erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2000;164:1192–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzichristou DG. Sildenafil citrate: lessons learned from 3 years of clinical experience. Int J Impot Res 2002;14(Suppl 1):S43–S52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heaton JPW, Adams MA, Morales A. A therapeutic taxonomy of treatments for erectile dysfunction: an evolutionary imperative. Int J Impot Res 1997;9:115–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterloh IH, Riley A. Clinical update on sildenafil citrate. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:219–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saenz de Tejada I. Molecular mechanisms for the regulation of penile smooth muscle contractility. Int J Impot Res 2002;14\(Suppl 1):S6–S10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim N, Vardi Y, Padma-Nathan H, Daley J, Goldstein I, Saenz de Tejada I. Oxygen tension regulates the nitric oxide pathway. Physiological role in penile erection. J Clin Invest 1993;91:437–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignarro LJ, Bush PA, Buga GM, Wood KS, Fukuto GM, Rajfer J. Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation upon electrical field stimulation cause relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;170:839–43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim N, Azadzoi KM, Goldstein I, Saenz de Tejada I. A nitric-oxide like factor mediates nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurogenic relaxation of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. J Clin Invest 1991;88:112–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen U, Prieto D, Saenz de Tejada I, Garcia-Sacristian A. Involvement of nitric oxide in the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmission of horse deep penile arteries: role of charybdotoxin-sensitive K(+)-channels. Br J Pharmacol 1995;116:2582–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmquist F, Stief CG, Jonas U, Andersson KE. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Ng-nitro-L-arginine on the erectile response to cavernous nerve stimulation in the rabbit. Acta Physiol Scand 1991;143:299–304
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trigo-Rocha F, Aronson WJ, Hohenfellner M, Ignarro LJ, Rajfer J, Lue TF. Nitric oxide and cGMP: mediators of pelvic nerve-stimulated erection in dogs. Am J Physiol 1993;264:H419–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azadzoi KM, Kim N, Brown ML, Goldstein I, Cohen RA, Saenz de Tajada I. Endothelium derived nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase products modulate corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tone. J Urol 1992;147:220–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuthe A, Wiedenroth A, Magert HJ, Uckert S, Forssman WG, Stief CG, Jonas U. Expression of different phosphodiesterase genes in human cavernous smooth muscle. J Urol 2001;165:280–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuthe A, Magert H, Uckert S, Forssman WG, Stief CG, Jonas U. Gene expression of the phosphodiesterases 3A and 5A in human corpus cavernosum penis. Eur Urol 2000;38:108–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ückert S, Kuthe A, Stief CG, Jonas U. Phosphodiesterase isoenzymes as pharmacological targets in the treatment of male erec-tile dysfunction. World J Urol 2001;19:14–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson KE. Pharmacology of erectile function and dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am 2001;28:233–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson KE, Hedlund P. New directions for erectile dysfunction therapies. Int J Impot Res 2002;14 (Suppl 1):S82–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin CS, Lau A, Tu R, Lue TF. Expression of three isoforms of cGMP binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) in human penile cavernosum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;268:628–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viagra labelling information, FDA submission, Pfizer (New York, NY), 1997
   Google Scholar
• Muirhead GJ, Allen MJ, James GC, Pearson J, Rance DJ, Houston AC, Dewland PM. Pharmacokinetics of sildenafil (Viagra), a selective cGMP PDE5 inhibitor, after single oral doses in fasted and fed healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;42:268P
   Google Scholar
• Hyland R, Roe EGH, Jones BC, Smith DA. Identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in demethylation of sildenafil. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001;51:239–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker DK, Ackland MJ, James GC, Muirhead GJ, Rance DJ, Wastall P, Wright PA. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sildenafil in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog and man. Xenobiotica 1999;29:297–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington JS, Shader RI, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. In vitro biotransformation of sildenafil (Viagra): identification of human cytochromes and potential drug interactions. Drug Metab Dis 2000;28:392–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montorsi F, McDermott T, Morgan R, Olsson A, Schultz A, Kirkeby HJ, Osterloh IH. Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction of various etiologies. Urology 1999;53:1011–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenzelok EP. Sildenafil: clinical toxicology profile. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000;38:645–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton AK, Bennet RG. Sildenafil treatment of serotonin reup-take inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:194–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurnberg HG, Lauriello J, Hensley PL, Parker LM, Keith SJ. Sildenafil for iatrogenic serotoninergic antidepressant medication-induced sexual dysfunction in 4 patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60 :33–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg KP. Sildenafil citrate for SSRI-induced sexual side effects. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandwani R, Gourlay Y. Possible interaction between sildenafil and HIV combination therapy. Lancet 1999;353:840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muirhead GJ, Wulff MB, Fielding A, Kleinermans D, Buss N. Pharmacokinetic interaction between sildenafil and saquinavir/ritonavir. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50:99–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan PA, Marshall SF, Karlsson MO. A population pharmaco-kinetic analysis of sildenafil citrate in patients with erectile dys-function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;2:45S–52S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales A. Oral sildenafil (ViagraÒ) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: efficacy and safety of 50-mg, 100-mg, and 200-mg doses. Int J Impot Res 1998;10(Suppl 3):S40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner G, Montorsi F, Auerbach S, Collins M. Sildenafil citrate (VIAGRAÒ) improves erectile function in elderly patients with erectile dysfunction: a subgroup analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:M113–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muirhead GJ, Wilner K, Colburn W, Haug-Pihale G, Rouviex B. The effects of age and renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil citrate. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:5S–30S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuleman E, Cuzin B, Opsomer RJ, Hartmann U, Bailey MJ, Maytom MC, Smith MD, Osterloh IH. A dose-escalation study to assess the efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in men with erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 2001;87:75–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eardly I, Ellis P, Boolell M, Wulff M. Onset and duration of action of sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53 (Suppl 1):61S–5
   Google Scholar
• Steers WD. Viagra – after one year. Urology 1999;54:12–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb DJ, Muirhead GJ, Wulf M, Sutton JA, Levi R, Dinsmore WW. Sildenafil citrate potentiates the hypotensive effects of nitric oxide donor drugs in male patients with stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:25–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikura F, Beppu S, Hamada T, Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Nehra A. Effects of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) combined with nitrate on the heart. Circulation 2000;102:2516–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakuma I, Akaishi Y, Tomioka H, Sato A, Kitabatake A, Hattori Y. Interactions of sildenafil with various coronary vasodilators in isolated porcine coronary artery. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;437:155–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein I, Lue TF, Padma-Nathan H, Rosen RC, Steers WD, Wicker PA. Sildenafil Study Group: oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. 1998. J Urol 2002;167 :1197–203
   Google Scholar
• Guay AT, Perez JB, Jacobson J, Newton RA. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate for treatment of erectile dysfunction in a population with associated organic risk factors. J Androl 2001;22:793–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti CR, Pepine CJ, Sweeney M. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with ischemic heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:29C–34C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales A, Gingell C, Collins M, Wicker PA, Osterloh IH. Clinical safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1998;10:69–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis RM, Corbin JD, Francis SH, Ellis P. Tissue distribution of phosphodiesterase families and effects of sildenafil on tissue cyclic nucleotides, platelet function, and the contractile responses of trabeculae carneae and aortic rings in vitro. Am J Cardiol 1999;83(Suppl 5A):3C–12C
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behalf of the Mexico and Brazil Sildenafil Study Group. Efficacy and safety of oral ViagraÒ (sildenafil citrate) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in Latin America. Congreso del la Confederacion Americana de Urologia, 17–21 September 2000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
   Google Scholar
• Levinson I, Khalaf I, Mahmoud KZ. Efficacy of ViagraÒ (sildenafil citrate) in men with erectile dysfunction in two African Countries. 98th Annual Meeting of New York Section of the American Urological Association; 13–21 October 2000, Cape Town, South Africa
   Google Scholar
• Tan HM, Chang Moh CL, Mendoza JB, Gana Jr T, Albano GJ, de la Cruz R, Huat Chye PL, Wai Sam CC, for the ASSESS-1 Study Group. Asian sildenafil efficacy and safety study (ASSESS-1): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study of oral sildenafil in Malaysian, Singaporean, and Filipino men with erec-tile dysfunction. Urology 2000;56 :635–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yinglu G. Efficacy and safety of oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in Chinese patients. 5th Asian Congress in Urology, 27–30 August 2000, Beijing, China
   Google Scholar
• McMahon CG, Samali R, Johnson H. Efficacy, safety and patient acceptance of sildenafil citrate as treatment for erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2000;164:1192–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadovsky R, Miller T, Moskowitz M, Hackett G. Three-year update of sildenafil citrate (ViagraÒ) efficacy and safety. Int J Clin Pract 2001;55:115–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, Osterloh IH, Kirkpatrick J, Mishra A. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology 1997;49:822–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton AJM, Selam JL, Sweeney M, Ziegler D. Sildenafil citrate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2001;44:1296–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson CC, Burnett AL, Levine LA, Nehra A. The efficacy of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in clinical populations: an update. Urology 2002;60(2 Suppl 2):12–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano F, Montorsi F, Mirone V, Rossi D, Sweeney M. Switching from intracavernous prostaglandin E1 injections to oral sildenafil citrate in patients with erectile dysfunction: results of a multicenter European study. J Urol 2000;164 :708–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzichristou DG, Apostolidis A, Tzortzis V, Ioannides E, Yannakoyorgos K, Kalinderis A. Sildenafil versus intracavernous injection therapy: efficacy and preference in patients on intracavernous injection for more than 1 year. J Urol 2000;164:1197–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sairam K, Kulinskaya E, Hanbury D, Boustead G, McNicholas T. Oral sildenafil (Viagraä) in male erectile dysfunction: use, efficacy and safety profile in an unselected cohort presenting to a British district general hospital. BMC Urology 2002;2:4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore RA, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ. Sildenafil (Viagraä) for male erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of clinical trial reports. BMC Urology 2002;2 :6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fink HA, MacDonald R, Rutks IR, Nelson DB, Wilt TJ. Sildenafil for male erectile dysfunction. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1349–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagelman E, Fagelman A, Shabsigh R. Efficacy, safety, and use of sildenafil in urologic practice. Urology 2001;57:1141–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis R, Bennet CJ, Borkon WD, Boykin WH, Althoff SE, Stecher VJ, Siegel RL. Patient and partner satisfaction with Viagra (sildenafil citrate) treatment as determined by the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire. Urology 2001;57:960–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althof SE, Corty EW, Levine SB. EDITS: development of questionnaires for evaluating satisfaction with treatments for erectile dysfunction. Urology 1999;53:793–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steers W, Guay AT, Leriche A, Gingell G, Hargreave TB, Wright PJ, Price DE, Feldman RA. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of Viagra (sildenafil citrate) in men with erectile dysfunction during long-term treatment. Int J Impot Res 2001;13:261–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Galley R, Rutland H, Talic R, Keane T, Clark H. Long-term efficacy of sildenafil and tachyphylaxis effect. J Urol 2001;166:927–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basson R, Robinow O. Re: Long-term efficacy of sildenafil and tachyphylaxis effect. J Urol 2002;168:204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Billups KL: Re: Long-term efficacy of sildenafil and tachyphylaxis effect. J Urol 2002;168:204–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carson CC. Re: Long-term efficacy of sildenafil and tachyphylaxis effect. J Urol 2002;168:205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guay AT. Re: Long-term efficacy of sildenafil and tachyphylaxis effect. J Urol 2002; 168:205–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mumtaz FH, Khan MA, Mikhailidis DP, Morgan RJ. Re: Long-term efficacy of sildenafil and tachyphylaxis effect. J Urol 2002;168:206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomera K. Re: Long-term efficacy of sildenafil and tachyphylaxis effect. J Urol 2002;168:206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steers WD. Tachyphylaxis and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. J Urol 2002;168:207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira SG, Brannigan RE, Spitz A, Orejuela FJ, Lipshultz LI, Kim ED. Side-effect profile of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in clinical practice. Urology 2000;56:474–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim PH, Moorthy P, Benton KG. The clinical safety of Viagra. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002;962:378–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson AM, Persson CA. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with cardiovascular disease. Int J Clin Pract 2001;55:171–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarow JP, Burnett AL, Geringer AM. Clinical efficacy of sildenafil citrate based on etiology and response to prior treatment. J Urol 1999;162:722–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim PH, Li MK, Ng FC, Chia SJ, Consigliere D, Gooren L, Ng KK, Munisamy M, Perianan M. Clinical efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in a multi-racial population in Singapore: a retrospective study of 1520 patients. Int J Urol 2002;9 :308–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho OR. Tolerability and safety profile of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in Latin American patient populations. Int J Impot Res 2002;14(Suppl 2): S54–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomez F, Davila H, Costa A, Acuna A, Wadskier LA, Plua P, on behalf of the Andean Group of Erectile Dysfunction Study. Int J Impot Res 2002;14(Suppl 2):S42–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Padma-Nathan H, Eardley I, Kloner RA, Laties AM, Montorsi F. A 4-year update on the safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra). Urology 2002;60(2 Suppl 2):67–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shakir SAW, Wilton LV, Boshier A, Layton D, Heeley E. Cardiovascular events in users of sildenafil: results from first phase of prescription event monitoring in England. Br Med J 2001;922:651–2
   Google Scholar
• Zusman RM, Prisant LM, Brown MJ. Effect of sildenafil citrate on blood pressure and heart rate in men with erectile dysfunction taking concomitant antihypertensive medication. Sildenafil Study Group. J Hypertens 2000;18:1865–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann HC, Chang G, Klugherz BD, Mahoney PD. Hemodynamic effects of sildenafil in men with severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1622–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halcox JP, Nour KR, Zalos G, Mincemoyer RA, Waclawiw M, Rivera CE, Willie G, Ellahham S, Quyyumi AA. The effect of sildenafil on human vascular function, platelet activation, and myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1232–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wysowski DK, Farinas E, Swartz L. Comparison of reported and expected deaths in sildenafil (Viagra) users. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:1331–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosano GMC, Leonardo F, Pelliccia F, Cerquetani E, Cianfrocca C, Sposato B, Chierchia SL. Effect of sildenafil upon myocardial ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina in therapy with beta-blockers. J Urol 1999;161(Suppl 4):211
   Google Scholar
• Kloner RA, Brown M, Prisant M, Collins M. Effect of sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction taking antihypertensive therapy. Sildenafil Study Group. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:70–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson G, Benjamin N, Jackson N, Allen MJ. Effects of sildenafil citrate on human hemodynamics. Am J Cardiol 1999;83(Suppl5A):13C–20C
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheitlin MD, Hutter AM Jr, Brindis RG, Ganz P, Kaul S, Russel RO Jr, Zusman RM. Use of sildenafil (Viagra) in patients with cardiovascular disease. Circulation 1999;99:168–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zusman RM, Morales A, Glasser DB, Osterloh IC. Overall cardiovascular profile of sildenafil citrate. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:35C–44C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmud A, Hennessy M, Feely J. Effect of sildenafil on blood pressure and arterial wave reflection in treated hypertensive men. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:707–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardi Y, Klein L, Nassar S, Sprecher E, Gruenwald I. Effects of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive men. Urology 2002;59:747–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azarbal B, Mirocha J, Shah P, Cercek B, Kaul S. Adverse cardiovascular events associated with the use of Viagra. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:553A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agelink MW, Schmitz T, Rembrink K, Beckerling D, Muck-Weymann M, Mercik D, Brockmeyer NH. Cardiovascular effects of sildenafil citrate (Viagra): a naturalistic cross-over study. Eur J Med Res 2001;6:459–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccirillo G, Nocco M, Lionetti M, Moise A, Naso C, Marigliano V, Cacciafesta M. Effects of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on cardiac repolarization and on autonomic control in subjects with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J 2002;143:703–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann HC, Chang G, Klugherz BD, Mahoney PD. Hemodynamic effects of sildenafil in men with severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1622–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traverse JH, Du R, Chen YJ. Sildenafil (Viagra) improves coronary flow distal to a coronary stenosis during exercise [abstract 1000]. In Programs and Abstracts of the American Heart Association Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Arruda-Olson AM, Mahoney DW, Nehra A, Leckel M, Pellikka PA. Cardiovascular effects of sildenafil during exercise in men with known or probable coronary artery disease. JAMA 2002;287:719–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox K, Thadani U, Ma PTS, Nash SD, Keltai M. Time to onset of limiting angina during treadmill exercise in men with erectile dys-function and stable chronic angina: effect of sildenafil citrate. Circulation 2001;104(Suppl 2):601
   Google Scholar
• Chen YJ, Du R, Traverse JH, Bache RJ. Effect of sildenafil on coronary active and reactive hyperemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;279:H2319–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz SD, Balidemaj K, Homma S, Wu H, Wang J, Maybaum S. Acute type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition with sildenafil enhances flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:845–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marwick TH. Safe sex for men with coronary artery disease. Exercise, sildenafil and risk of cardiac events. JAMA 2002;287:766–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padma-Nathan H, Giuliano F. Oral drug therapy for erectile dys-function. Urol Clin North Am 2001;28:321–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocchi EA, Guimaraes G, Mocelin A, Bacal F, Bellotti G, Franchini Ramires J. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study followed by a prospective treatment for erectile dysfunction. Circulation 2002;106:1097–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie M, Murray JM. Changes in notions about heart failure. Lancet 2001;358:432–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaarsma T, Dracup K, Walden J, Stevenson LW. Sexual function in patients with advanced heart failure. Heart Lung 1996;25:262–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocchi EA, Moraes AV, Esteves-Filho A, Bacal F, Auler JO, Carmona MJ, Bellotti G, Ramires AF. L-arginine reduces heart rate and improves hemodynamics in severe congestive heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2000;23:205–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams D, Schulze-Neick I, Magee AG. Sildenafil citrate as a selective pulmonary vasodilator in childhood primary pulmonary hypertension. Heart 2000;84:E4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillies HC, Roblin D, Jackson G. Coronary and systemic hemo-dynamic effects of sildenafil citrate: from basic science to clinical studies in patients with cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol 2002;86:131–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockaili R, Salloum F, Hawkins J, Kukreja R. Sildenafil (Viagra) induces powerful cardioprotective effect via opening of mitochondrial KATP channels in rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;283:H1263–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBusk R, Drory Y, Goldstein I, Jackson G, Kaul S, Kimmel SE, Kostis JB, Kloner RA, Lakin M, Meston CM, Mittleman M, Muller JE, Padma-Nathan H, Rosen RC, Stein RA, Zusman R. Management of sexual dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease: recommendations of the Princeton Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:175–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration. Post-marketing safety of sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/consumerinfo/viagra/safety3.htm
   Google Scholar
• Morgan JC, Alhatou M, Oberlies J, Johnston KC. Transient ischemic attack and stroke associated with sildenafil (Viagra) use. Neurology 2001;57:1730–1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feenstra J, van Drie-Pierik RJ, Lade CF, Strickec BH. Acute myocardial infarction associated with sildenafil. Lancet 1998;352:957–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips BG, Kato M, Pesek CA, Winnicki M, Narkiewicz K, Davison D, Somers VK. Sympathetic activation by sildenafil. Circulation 2000;102:3068–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz SD, Parums DV. Sympathetic activation by sildenafil. Circulation 2001;104:E119–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendell MS, Rajfer J, Wicker PA, Smith MD. Sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes. JAMA 1999;281:421–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch IB, Korenman SG, Stecher V, Diuguid C. ViagraÒ (sildenafil citrate): efficacy and safety in the treatment of erectile dys-function (ED) in men with diabetes. American Diabetes Association Meeting, 19–22 June, 1999, San Diego, CA, USA
   Google Scholar
• Fedele D, Bortolotti A, Coscelli C, Santeusanio F, Chatenoud L, Colli E, Lavezzari M, Landoni M, Parazzini F. Erectile dysfunction in type 1 and type 2 diabetics in Italy. On behalf of Gruppo Italiano Studio Deficit Erettile nei Diabetici. Int J Epidemiol 2000;29 :524–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedele D, Coscelli C, Santeusanio F, Bortolotti A, Chatenoud L, Colli E, Landoni M, Parazzini F. Erectile dysfunction in diabetic subjects in Italy. Gruppo Italiano Studio Deficit Erettile nei Diabetici. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1973–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuckey B, Jadzinsky MN, Murphy LJ, Montorsi F, Kadioglu A, Fraige F, Manzano P, Deerochanawong C. Sildenafil citrate for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Results of a randomised controlled trial. In press, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Boulton AJM, Selam JL, Sweeney M, Ziegler D. Sildenafil citrate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2001;44:1296–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perimenis P, Markou S, Gyftopoulos K, Athanasopoulos A, Giannitsas K, Barbalias G. Switching from long-term treatment with self-injections to oral sildenafil in diabetic patients with severe erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol 2002;41:387–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepore G, Nosari I. Efficacy of oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in diabetic men with positive response to intracavernosal injection of Alprostadil. Diabetes Care 2001;24:409–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman SN, Roose SP, Menza MA, Shabsigh R, Rosen RC. Treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with depressive symptoms: results of a placebo-controlled trial with sildenafil citrate. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1623–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann U. Psychological stress factors in erectile dysfunction. Causal models and empirical results. Urologe A 1998;37:487–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korenman SG. New insights into erectile dysfunction: a practical approach. Am J Med 1998;105:135–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabsigh R, Klein LT, Sediman S, Kaplan SA, Lehrhoff BJ, Ritter JS. Increased incidence of depressive symptoms in men with erectile dysfunction. Urology 1998;52:848–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden RR. The Holden psychological screening inventory and sexual efficacy in agrological patients with erectile dysfunction. Psychol Rep 1999;84:255–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo AB, Durante R, Feldman HA, Goldstein I, McKinlay JB. The relationship between depressive symptoms and male erectile dysfunction: cross-sectional results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Psychosom Med 1998;60:458–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller M, Benkert O. Lower self-reported depression in patients with erectile dysfunction after treatment with sildenafil. J Affect Disord 2001;66:255–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurnberg HG, Gelenberg AJ, Hargreave TB, Harrison WM, Siegel RL, Smith MD. Efficacy of sildenafil citrate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men taking serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1926–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurnberg HG, Seidman SN, Gelenberg AJ, Fava M, Rosen RC, Shabsigh R. Depression, antidepressant therapies, and erectile dysfunction: clinical trials of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in treated and untreated patients with depression. Urology 2002;60(2 Suppl 2):58–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singer C, Weiner WJ, Sanchez-Ramos JR, Ackerman M. Sexual dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Nurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zesiewicz TA, Hauser RA, Helal M. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2000;15:305–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain IF, Brady CM, Swinn MJ, Mathias CJ, Fowler CJ. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson’s disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:371–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffaele R, Vecchio I, Giammusso B, Morgia G, Brunetto MB, Rampello L. Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose oral sildenafil in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in depressed patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Eur Urol 2002;41:382–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith ER, Tomoko MA, Timms RJ. Sexual function in spinal cord-injured patients: a review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1973;54:539–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biering-Sorensen F, Sonksen J. Sexual function in spinal cord lesioned men. Spinal Cord 2001;39:455–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monga M, Bernie J, Rajasekaran M. Male infertility and erectile dysfunction in spinal cord injury: a review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:1331–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maytom MC, Derry FA, Dinsmore WW, Glass CA, Smith MD, Orr M, Osterloh IH. A two-part pilot study of sildenafil (ViagraÒ) in men with erectile dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1999;37:110–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano F, Hultling C, el Masry WS, Smith MD, Osterloh IH, Orr M, Maytom M. Randomized trial of sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in spinal cord injury. Ann Neurol 1999;46:15–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez Ramos A, Vidal J, Jauregui ML, Barrera M, Recio C, Giner M, Toribio L, Salvador S, Sanmartin A, de la Fuente M, Santos JF, de Juan FJ, Moraleda S, Mendez JL, Ramirez L, Casado RM. Efficacy, safety and predictive factors of therapeutic success with sildenafil for erectile dysfunction in patients with different spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord 2001;39:637–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gans WH, Zaslau S, Wheeler S, Galea G, Vapnek JM. Efficacy and safety of oral sildenafil in men with erectile dysfunction and spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2001;24:35–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmid DM, Schurch B, Hauri D. Sildenafil in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in spinal cord-injured male patients. Eur Urol 2000;38:184–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derry FS, Dinsmore WW, Fraser M, Gardner BP, Glass CA, Maytom MC, Smith MD. Efficacy and safety of oral sildenafil (Viagra) in men with erectile dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury. Neurology 1998;51:1629–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultling C, Giuliano F, Quirk F, Pena B, Mishra A, Smith MD. Quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury receiving Viagra (sildenafil citrate) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Spinal Cord 2000;38:363–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derry F, Hultling C, Seftel AD, Sipski ML. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in men with erectile dysfunction and spinal cord injury: a review. Urology 2002;60(2 Suppl 2):49–57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghezzi A, Malvestii GM, Baldini S, Zaffaroni M, Zibetti A. Erectile impotence in multiple sclerosis: a neurophysiological study. J Neurol 1995;242:123–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwiller SE, Frohman EM, Zimmern PE. Multiple sclerosis and the urologist. J Urol 1999;161:743–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson D, Petrie M, Strivastava M, McDermaott M. Multiple sclerosis and its response to medications. Arch Neurol 1995;52:862–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler CJ, Miller J, Sharief M. ViagraÒ (sildenafil citrate) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1999;46:497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller J, Fowler CJ, Sharief M. Effect of ViagraÒ (sildenafil cit-rate) on quality of life in men with erectile dysfunction and multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1999;46:497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green BG, Martin S. Clinical assessment of sildenafil in the treatment of neurogenic male sexual dysfunction: after the hype. NeuroRehabilitation 2000;15:101–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen IN, Khoury MJ, Erickson JD, James LM, Waters GD, Berry RJ. The changing epidemiology of neural tube defects, United States, 1968–1989. Am J Dis Child 1992;146:857–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joyner BD, McLorie GA, Khoury AE. Sexuality and reproductive issues in children with myelomeningocele. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1998;8:29–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer JS, Kaplan WE, Firlit CF. Erectile dysfunction in patients with spina bifida is a treatable condition. J Urol 2000;164:958–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer BF. Sexual dysfunction in uraemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:1381–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk S, Karalezli G, Tonbul HZ, Yildiz M, Altintepe L, Yildiz A, Ye M. Erectile dysfunction and the effects of sildenafil treatment in patients on haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:1818–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YenicerioGlu Y, Kefi A, Aslan G, Cavdar C, Esen AA, Camsari T, Celebi I. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil for treating erectile dys-function in patients on dialysis. BJU Int 2002;90:442–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibel I, Poli de Figueiredo CE, Teloken C, Moraes JF. Efficacy of oral sildenafil in hemodialysis patients with erectile dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:2770–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malavaud B, Rostaing L, Rischmann D, Tran-Van T, Tack I, Ader JL. Transient renal effects of sildenafil in male kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001;72:1331–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinoza R, Melchor JL, Gracida C. Sildenafil (Viagra) in kidney transplant recipients with erectile dysfunction. Transplant Proc 2002;34:408–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zippe CD, Kedia AW, Kedia K, Nelson DR, Agarwal A. Treatment of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy with sildenafil citrate (Viagra). Urology 1998;52:963–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks LS, Duda C, Dorey FJ, Macairan ML, Santos PB. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil. Urology 1999;53:19–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zippe CD, Kedia S, Kedia AW, Pasqualotto F. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) after radical retropubic prostatectomy: pro. Urology 1999;54:583–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehra A, Goldstein I. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) after radical retropubic prostatectomy: con. Urology 1999;54:587–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowentritt BH, Scardino PT, Miles BJ, Orejuela FJ, Schatte EC, Slawin KM, Elliott SP, Kim ED. Sildenafil citrate after radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 1999;162:1614–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong EK, Lepor H, McCullough AR. Time dependent patient satisfaction with sildenafil for erectile dysfunction (ED) after nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Int J Impot Res 1999;11(Suppl 11):S15–S22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowentritt BH. Sildenafil citrate after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 2000;55:241–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zippe CD, Jhaveri FM, Klein EA, Kedia S, Pasqualotto FF, Kedia AW, Agarwal A, Montagne DK, Lakin MM. Role of Viagra after radical prostatectomy. Urology 2000;55:241–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagaja GP, Mhoon DA, Aikens JE, Brendler CB. Sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. Urology 2000;56:631–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blander DS, Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Wein AJ, Broderick GA. Efficacy of sildenafil in erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. Int J Impot Res 2000;12:165–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng MI, Huang S, Kaptein J, Kaswick J, Aboseief S. Effect of sildenafil citrate on post-radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2000;164:1935–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baniel J, Israilov S, Segenreich E, Livne PM. Comparative evaluation of treatments for erectile dysfunction in patients with prostate cancer after radical retropubic prostatectomy. BJU Int 2001;88:58–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Jabaloyas JM, Gil-Salom M, Villam-Fort R, Pastor-Hernandez F, Martinez-Garcia R, Garcia-Sisamon F. Prognostic factors for response to sildenafil in patients with erectile dys-function. Eur Urol 2001;40:641–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zippe CD, Raina R, Thukral M, Lakin MM, Klein EA, Agarwal A. Management of erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy. Curr Urol Rep 2001;2:495–503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montorsi F, Salonia A, Zanoni M, Colombo R, Pompa P, Rigatti P. Counselling the patient with prostate cancer about treatment-related erectile dysfunction. Curr Opin Urol 2001;11:611–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMahon CG. High dose sildenafil citrate as a salvage therapy for severe erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2002;14:533–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough A, Woo K, Telegrafi S, Lepor H. Is sildenafil failure in men after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) due to arterial disease ? Penile duplex findings in 174 men after RRP. Int J Impot Res 2002;14:462–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montorsi F, Salonia A, Barbieri L, Maga T, Zanoni M, Raber M, Bua L, Cestari A, Guazzoni G, Rigatti P. The subsequent use of I.C. Alprostadil and oral sildenafil is more efficacious than sildenafil alone in nerve sparing radical prostatectomy. J Urol 2002;(Suppl):A1098
   Google Scholar
• Tsujimura A, Yamanaka M, Takahashi T, Miura H, Nishimura K, Koga M, Iwasa A, Tkeyama M, Matsumiya K, Takahara S, Okuyama A. The clinical studies of sildenafil for the aging male. Int J Androl 2002;25:28–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monga M, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E. Community-based study of erectile dysfunction and sildenafil use: the Rancho Bernardo study. Urology 2002;59:753–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen RC, Cappelleri JC, Smith MD, Lipsky J, Pena BM. Development and evaluation of an abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1999;11 :319–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehra A, Kulaksizoglu H. Combination therapy for erectile dys-function: where we are and what’s in the future. Curr Urol Rep 2002;3:467–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikhailidis DP, Khan MA, Millionis HJ, Morgan RJ. The treatment of hypertension in patients with erectile dysfunction. Curr Med Res Opin 2000;16(Suppl 1):s31–s36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan SA, Reis RB, Kohn IJ, Shabsigh R, Te AE. Combination therapy using oral alpha-blockers and intracavernosal injections in men with erectile dysfunction. Urology 1998;52:739–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Morgan RJ, Mikhailidis DP. The choice of antihypertensive drugs in patients with erectile dysfunction. Curr Med Res Opin 2002;18:103–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rose AF, Giglio M, Traverso P, Lantieri P, Carmignani G. Combined oral therapy with sildenafil and doxazosin for the treatment of non-organic erectile dysfunction refractory to sildenafil monotherapy. Int J Impot Res 2002;14:50–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Raistrick M, Mikhailidis DP, Morgan RJ. MUSEä: clinical experience. Curr Med Res Opin 2002;18:64–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehra A, Blute ML, Barrett DM, Moreland RB. Rationale for combination therapy of intraurethral prostaglandin E(1) and sildenafil in the salvage of erectile dysfunction patients desiring non-invasive therapy. Int J Impot Res 2002;14(Suppl 1):S38–S42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giuliano F, Pena BM, Mishra A, Smith MD. Efficacy results and quality-of-life measures in men receiving sildenafil citrate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Qual Life Res 2001;10:359–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paige NM, Hays RD, Litwin MS, Rajfer J, Shapiro MF. Improvement in emotional well-being and relationships of users of sildenafil. J Urol 2001;166:1774–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller MJ, Ruof J, Graf-Morgenstern M, Porst H, Benkert O. Quality of partnership in patients with erectile dysfunction after sildenafil treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001;34:91–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiblum S. After sildenafil: bridging the gap between pharmacologic treatment and satisfying sexual relationships. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(Suppl 5):17–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar