83
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Managing patients with recurrent acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a common clinical problem

&
Pages 1511-1521 | Accepted 22 Jul 2004, Published online: 19 Aug 2004

References

  • Gross CP, Anderson GF, Powe NR. The relation between funding by the National Institutes of Health and the burden of disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1881–7
  • US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. March 2003; NIH Publication No. 03–5229
  • Wilson L, Devine EB, So K. Direct medical costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Respir Med 2000;94:204–13
  • Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1418–22
  • Spencer S, Calverley PMA, Burge PS, Jones PW; ISOLDE Study Group. Health status deterioration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:122–8
  • Kanner RE, Anthonisen NR, Connett JE; Lung Health Study Research Group. Lower respiratory illnesses promote FEV1 decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the Lung Health Study Research Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164: 358–64
  • Cosio MG, Hale KA, Niewoehner DE. Morphologic and morphometric effects of prolonged cigarette smoking on the small airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;122:265–71
  • Rutgers SR, Postma DS, ten Hacken NHT, et al. Ongoing airway inflammation in patients with COPD who do not currently smoke. Thorax 2000;55:12–8
  • Obaji A, Murphy TF, Sethi S. Lung function decline in advanced COPD. Presented at the ATS International Conference; May 18–23, 2001; San Francisco, CA
  • Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1608–13
  • Smith CB, Golden C, Kanner R, Renzetti Jr. AD. Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;121: 225–32
  • Ball P, Harris JM, Lowson D, Tillotson G, Wilson R. Acute infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. QJM 1995;88:61–8
  • Sethi S, Murphy TF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1969–1970
  • Chodosh S, Schreurs JM, Siami G, et al. Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin vs clarithromycin for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Bronchitis Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:730–8
  • Anzueto A, Rizzo JA, Grossman RF. The infection-free interval: its use in evaluating antimicrobial treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis [letter]. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1344–5
  • Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P, et al. Airway eosinophilia in chronic bronchitis during exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1646–52
  • American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:S77–121
  • Sethi S. Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 2000;117:380S–5S
  • Kainulainen L, Nikoskelainen J, Vuorinen T, et al. Viruses and bacteria in bronchial samples from patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1199–204
  • Diaz PT, King MA, Pacht ER, et al. Increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema among HIV-seropositive smokers. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:369–72
  • Taylor DC, Cripps AW, Clancy RL. A possible role for lysozyme in determining acute exacerbation in chronic bronchitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995;102:406–16
  • Pilette C, Godding V, Kiss R, et al. Reduced epithelial expression of secretory component in small airways correlates with airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:185–94
  • Abe Y, Murphy TF, Sethi S, et al. Lymphocyte proliferative response to P6 of Haemophilus influenzae is associated with relative protection from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:967–71
  • Bakri F, Brauer AL, Sethi S, Murphy TF. Systemic and mucosal antibody response to Moraxella catarrhalis after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect Dis 2002;185:632–40
  • Balter MS. Recommendations on the management of chronic bronchitis: a practical guide for Canadian physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1994;151\(suppl 10):7–23
  • Murphy TF, Sethi S. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:1067–83
  • Zalacain R, Sobradillo V, Amilibia J, et al. Predisposing factors to bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1999;13:343–8
  • Miravitlles M, Espinosa C, Fernández-Laso E, Martos JA, Maldonado JA, Gallego M. Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD. Chest 1999;116:40–6
  • Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1618–23
  • Obaji A, Sethi S. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: what role for the new fluoroquinolones? Drugs Aging 2001;18:1–11
  • Doern GV, Pfaller MA, Kugler K, Freeman J, Jones RN. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27: 764–70
  • Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Zilles A, et al. Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to 10 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters: 1997 US surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1901–8
  • Dagan R, Johnson CE, McLinn S, et al. Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of amoxicillin/clavulanate vs azithromycin in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:95–104
  • Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Fliss DM, et al. Bacteriologic efficacies of oral azithromycin and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:43–50
  • Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, et al. Acute otitis media: management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance. A report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:1–9
  • Davidson R, Cavalcanti R, Brunton JL, et al. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:747–50
  • Kelley MA, Weber DJ, Gilligan P, Cohen MS. Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteremia in patients being treated with azithromycin and clarithromycin. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1008–11
  • Chen DK, McGeer A, de Azavedo JC, Low DE. Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada. Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network. N Engl J Med 1999;341:233–9
  • Weiss K, Restieri C, Gauthier R, et al. A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:517–22
  • National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically: Approved NCCLS Standard. 5th edn. Wayne, PA: January 2000;20:M100–S10(M7)
  • File Jr. TM. Appropriate use of antimicrobials for drug-resistant pneumonia: focus on the significance of b-lactam-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34\(Suppl1):S17–26
  • Gay K, Baughman W, Miller Y, et al. The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolide antimicrobial agents: a 6-year population-based assessment. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1417–24
  • Fogarty C, Goldschmidt R, Bush K. Bacteremic pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant pneumococci in 3 patients treated unsuccessfully with azithromycin and successfully with levofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31: 613–5
  • Musher DM, Dowell ME, Shortridge VD, et al. Emergence of macrolide resistance during treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia [letter]. N Engl J Med 2002;346:630–1
  • Waterer GW, Wunderink RG, Jones CB. Fatal pneumococcal pneumonia attributed to macrolide resistance and azithromycin monotherapy [letter]. Chest 2000;118:1839–40
  • Murphy TF. Branhamella catarrhalis: epidemiology, surface antigenic structure, and immune response. Microbiol Rev 1996;60:267–79
  • Doern GV, Brueggemann AB, Pierce G, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among 723 outpatient clinical isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States in 1994 and 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2884–6
  • Pfaller MA, Ehrhardt AF, Jones RN. Frequency of pathogen occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the Respiratory Surveillance Program Study: microbiology from the medical office practice environment. Am J Med 2001;111(Suppl 9A):4S–12S
  • Soler N, Ewig S, Torres A, et al. Airway inflammation and bronchial microbial patterns in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1999;14:1015–22
  • Cunha BA. Ertapenem: a review of its microbiologic, pharmaco-kinetic and clinical aspects. Drugs Today 2002;38:195–213
  • Braun BL, Fowles JB. Characteristics and experiences of parents and adults who want antibiotics for cold symptoms. Arch Fam Med 2000;9:589–95
  • Vanden Eng J, Marcus R, Hadler JL, Imhoff B, Vugia DJ, Cieslak PR, et al. Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1128–35
  • Richman PB, Garra G, Eskin B, Nashed AH, Cody R. Oral antibiotic use without consulting a physician: a survey of ED patients. Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:57–60
  • Avorn J, Solomon DH. Cultural and economic factors that (mis)shape antibiotic use: the nonpharmacologic basis of therapeutics. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:128–35
  • Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T, on behalf of the DAFNE Study Group. Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 2001;17:928–33
  • Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, File Jr. TM, Musher DM, Whitney C. Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1405–33
  • Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730–54
  • Torres A, Dorca J, Zalacaín R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish multicenter study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1456–61
  • Gompertz S, O’Brien C, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 2001;17:1112–9
  • Sethi S, Muscarella K, Evans N, et al. Airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 2000;118:1557–65
  • Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J, et al. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:449–56
  • Alsaeedi A, Sin DD, McAlister FA. The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am J Med 2002;113:59–65
  • Reisner C, Fischer T, Morris M, Zhu J, Barnhart F. Cilomilast reduces exacerbations in COPD patients. Presented at the American College of Chest Physicians Annual Meeting; November 2–7, 2002; San Diego, CA
  • Casaburi R, Mahler DA, Jones PW, et al. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2002;19:217–24
  • Jarvis B, Markham A. Inhaled salmeterol: a review of its efficacy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Drugs Aging 2001;18:441–72

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.