Diagnosing restless legs syndrome (RLS) in primary care

References

• Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 2003;4:101–19
   Google Scholar
• Walters AS, Hening WA, Kavey N, et al. A double-blind randomized crossover trial of bromocriptine and placebo in restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 1988;24:455–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montplaisir J, Nicolas A, Denesle R, Gomez-Mancilla B. Restless legs syndrome improved by pramipexole: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology 1999;52:938–43
   Google Scholar
• Akpinar S. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with levodopa plus benserazide. Arch Neurol 1982;39:739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellbery CE. Getting the facts on restless Legs. Am Fam Physician 2000;62:51–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen RP, Earley CJ. Restless legs syndrome: a review of clinical and pathophysiologic features. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001;18:128–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen R, Walters A, Hening W, et al. Factors affecting the quality of life of adults with RLS a population-based survey. Eur J Neurol 2003;10\(Suppl. 1):138–9
   Google Scholar
• Walters AS, Allen RP, Hening W, et al. The impact of restless legs syndrome symptoms on quality of life: a population-based survey in the USA. Sleep 2003;26(Abstract Suppl):A329 [0827.N]
   Google Scholar
• Kirsch J, Abetz L, Allen R, et al. The impact of restless legs syndrome (RLS) on quality of life (QoL). Eur J Neurol 2002;9\(Suppl 2):198 [P3136]
   Google Scholar
• Ekbom K-A. Restless Legs. Acta Med Scand 1945;158(Suppl): 1–123
   Google Scholar
• Phillips B, Young T, Finn L, et al. Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2137–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chokroverty S, Jankovic J. Restless legs syndrome: a disease in search of identity. Neurology 1999;52:907–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne GJ, Montplaisir JY. Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians. Sleep 1994;17:739–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothdach AJ, Trenkwalder C, Haberstock J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of RLS in an elderly population: the MEMO Study. Neurology 2000;54:1064–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama T, Kabuto M, Nitta H, et al. Prevalences of periodic limb movement-like and restless legs-like symptoms among Japanese adults. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;54:296–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:547–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hening W, Walters AS, Allen RP, et al. Impact, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a primary care population: the REST (RLS Epidemiology, Symptoms, and Treatment) Primary Care study. Sleep Med 2004;5:237–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hening W, Allen R, Walters AS, et al. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and impact of symptoms on the quality of life of sufferers. Eur J Neurol 2003;10\(Suppl 1):43 [SC 338]
   Google Scholar
• Montplaisir J, Walters AS, Allen RP, Hening W. Impact of restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms on the health and quality of life of sufferers. Sleep 2003;26(Abstract Suppl):A333 [0836.N]
   Google Scholar
• Walters AS, Picchietti DL, Ehrenberg BL, Wagner ML. Restless legs syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Neurol 1994;11:241–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehrs T, Zorick F, Sicklesteel J, et al. Age-related sleep–wake disorders at a sleep disorder center. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983;31:364–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hening W, Allen R, Earley C, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep 1999;22:970–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters AS, Hickey K, Maltzman J, et al. A questionnaire study of 138 patients with restless legs syndrome: the ‘Night-Walkers’ survey. Neurology 1996;46:92–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger K, Luedemann J, Trenkwalder C, John U, Kessler C. Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:196–202
   Google Scholar
• Silber MH. Restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:261–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evidente VGH, Adler CH. How to help patients with restless legs syndrome: discerning the indescribable and relaxing the restless. Postgrad Med 1999;105:59–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe ST. Restless legs syndrome: a review. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:243–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amar K. Overview of restless legs syndrome. Hosp Med 2001;62:487–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelmann J, Muller-Myhsok B, Wittchen H-U, et al. Complex segregation analysis of restless legs syndrome provides evidence for an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in early age at onset families. Ann Neurol 2002;52:297–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowers JR, Vlachakis N. Circadian variation in plasma dopamine levels in man. J Endocrinol Invest 1984;7:341–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turjanski N, Lees AJ, Brooks DJ. Striatal dopaminergic function in restless legs syndrome: 18F-dopa and 11C-raclopride PET studies. Neurology 1999;52: 932–7
   Google Scholar
• Ruottinen HM, Partinen M, Hublin C, et al. An FDOPA PET study in patients with periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2000;54:502–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud M, Soucy JP, Chabli A, et al. SPECT imaging of striatal pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic status in restless legs syndrome with periodic leg movements in sleep. J Neurol 2002;249:164–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Hening WA, et al. Positron emission tomographic studies in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1999;14:141–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri KR. The restless legs syndrome: time to recognize a very common movement disorder. Prac Neurol 2003;3:204–13
   Google Scholar
• Stiasny-Kolster K, Mageri W, Oertel WH, et al. Static mechanical hyperalgesia without dynamic tactile allodynia in patients with restless legs syndrome. Brain 2004;127:773–82
   Google Scholar
• Walters AS. Review of receptor agonist and antagonist studies relevant to the opiate system in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002;3:301–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montplaisir J, Lorrain D, Godbout R. Restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements in sleep: the primary role of dopaminergic mechanism. Eur Neurol 1991;31:41–3
   Google Scholar
• Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, et al. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2000;54:1698–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor JR, Boyer PJ, Menzies SL, et al. Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2003;61:304–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelmann J, Stautner A, Samtleben W, Trenkwalder C. Long-term course of restless legs syndrome in dialysis patients after kidney transplantation. Mov Disord 2002;17:1072–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restless Legs Foundation. Medical bulletin. Rochester (MN): RLS Foundation; Revised April 2004. http://www.rls.org Accessed 6 July 2004
   Google Scholar
• Davis BJ, Rajput A, Rajput ML, et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of iron in restless legs syndrome. Eur Neurol 2000;43:70–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh JK. Chronic insomnia, ability to function and quality of life. International Workshop, Worldwide Project on Sleep and Health 1997. http://www.websciences.org/sleepandhealth/ walsh.html Accessed 29 March 2004
   Google Scholar
• Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Taylor DJ, et al. Quantitative criteria for insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:427–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubauer DN. Sleep problems in the elderly. Am Fam Physician 1999;59:2551–8, 2559–60
   Google Scholar
• Trenkwalder C, Hundemer H-P, Lledo A, et al. Efficacy of pergolide in treatment of restless legs syndrome. The PEARLS study. Neurology 2004;62:1391–7.
   Google Scholar
• Earley CJ. Restless legs syndrome. New Engl J Med 2003;348:2103–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chokroverty S. Disorders of sleep. Sci Am Med 2000;11(xiii):1–8
   Google Scholar
• Petri H, van de Vijver D, Sampson T. Assessing characteristics of patients diagnosed with restless legs syndrome using a primary care database. Poster presented at 7th International Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, November 2002
   Google Scholar
• Allen R, Hening W, Montplaisir J, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and referral of patients with symptoms of restless legs syndrome (RLS): the RLS Epidemiology, Symptoms and Treatment (REST) primary care study. Eur J Neurol 2003;10\(Suppl 1):43 [SC 339]
   Google Scholar
• Walters AS. Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1995;10:634–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odin P, Mrowka M, Shing M. Restless legs syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2002;9(Suppl 3):59–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Nicolas A, et al. Immobilization tests and periodic leg movements in sleep for the diagnosis of restless leg syndrome. Mov Disord 1998;13:324–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz EG. Restless legs, anxiety and caffeinism. J Clin Psychiatry 1978;39:693–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Managing patients with restless legs. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin 2003;41:81–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hening WA, Allen RP, Earley CJ, et al. An update on the dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep 2004;27:560–83Allen RP, Becker P, Bogan R, et al. Restless legs syndrome: the efficacy of ropinirole in the treatment of RLS patients suffering from periodic leg movements of sleep. Sleep 2003;26(Abstract Suppl):A341 [0858.N]
   Google Scholar