The onset of effect for escitalopram and its relevance for the clinical management of depression

References

• Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997;349:1436–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaac MT, Isaac MB, Gallo F, et al. Milnacipran and pindolol: a randomized trial of reduction of antidepressant latency. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003;18:595–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon AC. Measuring onset of antidepressant action in clinical trials: an overview of definitions and methodology. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62\(Suppl 4):12–16; discussion 37–40
   Google Scholar
• Stahl SM, Nierenberg AA, Gorman JM. Evidence of early onset of antidepressant effect in randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62\(Suppl 4):17–23; discussion 37–40
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez C, Bøgesø KP, Ebert B, et al. Escitalopram versus citalopram: the surprising role of the R-enantiomer. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;174:163–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepola U, Wade A, Andersen HF. Do equivalent doses of escitalopram and citalopram have similar efficacy? A pooled analysis of two positive placebo-controlled studies in major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;19:149–55
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Åsberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979;134:382–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade A, Lemming OM, Hedegaard KB. Escitalopram 10 mg/ day is effective and well tolerated in a placebo-controlled study in depression in primary care. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;17: 95–102
   Google Scholar
• Lepola, UM, Loft H, Reines EH. Escitalopram (10–20 mg/day) is effective and well tolerated in a placebo-controlled study in depression in primary care. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:211–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke WJ, Gergel I, Bose A. Fixed-dose trial of the single isomer SSRI escitalopram in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:331–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forest Laboratories, 2000. Flexible dose comparison of the safety and efficacy of Lu 26–054, citalopram, and placebo in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Report No. SCT-MD–02
   Google Scholar
• Rapaport MH, Bose A, Zheng H. Escitalopram continuation treatment prevents relapse of depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:44–9. Summary available from http://www.forestclinicaltrials.com/CTR/CTRController/CTRViewPdf?_file_id=scsr/SCSR_SCT-MD-02_final.pdf [Last accessed 13 September, 2006]
   Google Scholar
• Ninan PT, Ventura D, Wang J. Escitalopram is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of severe depression. Poster presented at the Congress of the American Psychiatric Association, 17–22 May 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976. DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 218–222. Kensington, MD: The George Washington University
   Google Scholar
• Stassen HH, Angst J, Delini-Stula A. Severity of baseline and onset of improvement in depression: meta-analysis of imipramine and moclobemide versus placebo. Eur Psychiatry 1994;9(Suppl 3):129–36
   Google Scholar
• Bech P, Tanghøj P, Andersen HF, et al. Citalopram dose-response revisited using an alternative psychometric approach to evaluate clinical effects of four fixed citalopram doses compared to placebo in patients with major depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;163:20–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Walsh BT, Seidman SN, Sysko R, et al. Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing. JAMA 2002;287:1840–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson S, Argyropoulos S. Antidepressants and sleep: a qualitative review of the literature. Drugs 2005;65:927–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB. Past, present, and future directions for defining optimal treatment outcome in depression: remission and beyond. JAMA 2003;289:3152–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, O’Donovan C. The human cost of not achieving full remission in depression. Can J Psychiatry 2004;49:10s–6
   Google Scholar
• Moller HJ, Demyttenaere K, Sacchetti E, et al. Improving the chance of recovery from the short- and long-term consequences of depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:219–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman M, Chelminski I, Posternak M. A review of studies of the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale in controls: implications for the definition of remission in treatment studies of depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;19:1–7
   Google Scholar
• Tranter R, O’Donovan C, Chandarana P, et al. Prevalence and outcome of partial remission in depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2002;27:241–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade A. A holistic evaluation of attitudes to depression. Poster presented at the Drug Utilisation Research Group (UK and Ireland) 16th Annual Scientific Meeting, 27 January, 2005, London, UK
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman M, Posternak MA, Chelminski I. Implications of using different cut-offs on symptom severity scales to define remission from depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;19:215–20
   Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Hirschfeld RM, Demyttenaere K, et al. Optimizing outcomes in depression: focus on antidepressant compliance. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;17:265–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulenger JP, Huusom AKT, Florea I, et al. A comparative study of the efficacy of long-term treatment with escitalopram and paroxetine in severely depressed patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:1331–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olié J-P, Ménard F, Tonnoir B, et al. A prospective study of escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive episodes in the presence or absence of anxiety. Depress Anxiety [in press]
   Google Scholar