Medical resource utilization among community-acquired pneumonia patients initially treated with levofloxacin 750 mg daily versus ceftriaxone 1000 mg plus azithromycin 500 mg daily: A US-based study^*

References

• DeFrances CJ, Lucas CA, Buie VC, Golosinskiy A. 2006 National Hospital Discharge Survey. Natl Health Stat Report 2008;5:1-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kung HC, Hoyert DL, Xu J, Murphy SL. Deaths: final data for 2005. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2008;56:1-120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niederman MS, McCombs JS, Unger AN, et al. The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther 1998;20:820-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lave JR, Fine MJ, Sankey SS, et al. Hospitalized pneumonia. Outcomes, treatment patterns, and costs in urban and rural areas. J Gen Intern Med 1996;11:415-21
   Google Scholar
• Angus DC, Marrie TJ, Obrosky DS, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society Diagnostic criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:717-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colice GL, Morley MA, Asche C, et al. Treatment costs of community-acquired pneumonia in an employed population. Chest 2004;125:2140-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun HK, Nicolau DP, Kuti JL. Resource utilization of adults admitted to a large urban hospital with community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Chest 2006;130:807-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayadevappa R, Chhatre S, Weiner M, et al. Health resource utilization and medical care cost of acute care elderly unit patients. Value Health 2006;9:186-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei CR, Burgess DS. Cost-effectiveness of 4 empiric antimicrobial regimens in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Formulary 2005;40:298-303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsdell J, Narsavage GL, Fink JB. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the home: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical position statement. Chest 2005;127:1752-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott G, Scott H, Turley M, et al. Economic cost of community-acquired pneumonia in New Zealand adults. N Z Med J 2004;117:933
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, et al. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:637-44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730-54
   Google Scholar
• Gleason PP, Meehan TP, Fine JM, et al. Associations between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2562-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn KL, Rogers WH, Rubenstein LV, et al. Measuring quality of care with explicit process criteria before and after implementation of the DRG-based prospective payment system. JAMA 1990;264:1969-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(Suppl 2):27-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie TJ, Lau CY, Wheeler SL, et al. A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. CAPITAL Study Investigators. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin. JAMA 2000;283:749-55
   Google Scholar
• Menendez R, Ferrando D, Valles JM, et al. Influence of deviation from guidelines on the outcome of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2002;122:612-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine MJ, Stone RA, Lave JR, et al. Implementation of an evidence-based guideline to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 2003;115:343-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capelastegui A, Espana PP, Quintana JM, et al. Improvement of process-of-care and outcomes after implementing a guideline for the management of community-acquired pneumonia: a controlled before-and-after design study. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:955-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen EM, Restrepo M, Anzueto A, et al. Effects of guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy on mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2004;117:726-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie TJ, Wu L. Factors influencing in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study of patients not initially admitted to the ICU. Chest 2005;127:1260-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei CR, Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, et al. Impact of guideline-concordant empiric antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2006;119:865-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes Calzada S, Martinez Tomas R, Cremades Romero MJ, et al. Empiric treatment in hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia. Impact on mortality, length of stay and re-admission. Respir Med 2007;101:1909-15
   Google Scholar
• Frei CR, Koeller JM, Burgess DS, et al. Impact of a typical coverage for patients with community-acquired pneumonia managed on the medical ward: results from the United States Community-Acquired Pneumonia Project. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:1167-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodise TP, Kwa A, Cosler L, et al. Comparison of beta-lactam and macrolide combination therapy versus fluoroquinolone monotherapy in hospitalized Veterans Affairs patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3977-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein J, Janagap-Benson C, Grant R, et al. A comparison of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin use in hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients in the US: focus on length of stay. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:895-906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:243-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983;70:41-55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone RA, Obrosky DS, Singer DE, et al. Propensity score adjustment for pretreatment differences between hospitalized and ambulatory patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Investigators. Med Care 1995;33:56-66
   Google Scholar
• Klungel OH, Martens EP, Psaty BM, et al. Methods to assess intended effects of drug treatment in observational studies are reviewed. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57:1223-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturmer T, Joshi M, Glynn RJ, et al. A review of the application of propensity score methods yielded increasing use, advantages in specific settings, but not substantially different estimates compared with conventional multivariable methods. J Clin Epidemiol 2006;59:437-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003;58:377-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewig S, Ruiz M, Mensa J, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Assessment of severity criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1102-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Velez JA, et al. A comparative study of community-acquired pneumonia patients admitted to the ward and the ICU. Chest 2008;133:610-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez JA, Srinath L, Ahkee S, et al. Early switch from intravenous to oral cephalosporins in the treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1273-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, et al. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA 1998;279:1452-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menendez R, Torres A, Rodriguez de Castro F, et al. Reaching stability in community-acquired pneumonia: the effects of the severity of disease, treatment, and the characteristics of patients. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1783-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan RV, Rhew DC, Murray C, et al. In-hospital observation after antibiotic switch in pneumonia: a national evaluation. Am J Med 2006;119:512e1-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine MJ, Pratt HM, Obrosky DS, et al. Relation between length of hospital stay and costs of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2000;109:378-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battleman DS, Callahan M, Thaler HT. Rapid antibiotic delivery and appropriate antibiotic selection reduce length of hospital stay of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: link between quality of care and resource utilization. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:682-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zervos M, Mandell LA, Vrooman PS, et al. Comparative efficacies and tolerabilities of intravenous azithromycin plus ceftriaxone and intravenous levofloxacin with step-down oral therapy for hospitalized patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia. Treat Respir Med 2004;3:329-36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samsa GP, Matchar DB, Harnett J, et al. A cost-minimization analysis comparing azithromycin-based and levofloxacin-based protocols for the treatment of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the CAP-IN trial. Chest 2005;128:3246-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr AF, Khashab MM, Xiang JX, et al. Levofloxacin 750-mg for 5 days for the treatment of hospitalized Fine Risk Class III/IV community-acquired pneumonia patients. Respir Med 2006;100:2129-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar LM, Khashab MM, Kahn JB, et al. Efficacy of 750-mg, 5-day levofloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by a typical pathogens. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:555-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chokshi R, Restrepo MI, Weeratunge N, et al. Monotherapy versus combination antibiotic therapy for patients with bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:447-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderink RG. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1837-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez JA, Horcajada JP, Almela M, et al. Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:389-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP, et al. Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:440-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lujan M, Gallego M, Fontanals D, et al. Prospective observational study of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: effect of discordant therapy on mortality. Crit Care Med 2004;32:625-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspa J, Rajas O, Rodriguez de Castro F, et al. Impact of initial antibiotic choice on mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006;27:1010-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C, et al. An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:230-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbarth S, Garbino J, Pugin J, et al. Lack of effect of combination antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with pneumococcal sepsis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24:688-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Garde EM, Oosterheert JJ, Bonten M, et al. International classification of diseases codes showed modest sensitivity for detecting community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:834-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar