References
- Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, et al. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain 2006;10:287-333
- Classification of Chronic Pain, 2nd edn. Seattle: IASP Press (International Association for the Study of Pain Task Force on Taxonomy), 1994
- International Association for the Study of Pain. [cited 2007]; Available from: http://www.iasp-pain.org//AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home
- McEwen J. Chronic pain services in Scotland: Commissioned by the Scottish Executive, 2004
- Williams JE, Louw G, Towlerton G. Intrathecal pumps for giving opioids in chronic pain: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2000;4:iii-iv, 1-65
- Gureje O, Von Korff M, Simon GE, et al. Persistent pain and well-being: a World Health Organization Study in Primary Care. JAMA 1998;280:147-51
- Philips C. Economic burden of chronic pain. Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res 2006;6:591-601
- Blyth FM, March LM, Brnabic AJ, et al. Chronic pain and frequent use of health care. Pain 2004;111:51-8
- Katz WA. Musculoskeletal pain and its socioeconomic implications. Clin Rheumatol 2002;21(Suppl 1):S2-4
- Burgoyne DS. Prevalence and economic implications of chronic pain. Manag Care 2007;16(2 Suppl 3):2-4
- Smith BH. Chronic pain: a challenge for primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2001;51:524-6
- Maetzel A, Li L. The economic burden of low back pain: a review of studies published between 1996 and 2001. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2002;16:23-30
- Mercadante S, Portenoy RK. Opioid poorly-responsive cancer pain. Part 1: clinical considerations. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;21:144-50
- WHO's pain ladder. [cited 2007]; Available from: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/
- Krames E. Implantable devices for pain control: spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal therapies. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2002;16:619-49
- Prager J. Neuraxial medication delivery. The development and maturity of a concept for treating chronic pain of spinal origin. Spine 2002;27:2593-603
- Krames E, Olson K. Clinical realities and economic considerations: patient selection in intrathecal therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997;14:S3-14
- Paice JA, Penn RD, Shott S. Intraspinal morphine for chronic pain: a retrospective, multicenter study. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996;11:71-80
- Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Covington EC, et al. Long-term intraspinal infusions of opioids in the treatment of neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995;10:527-43
- Krames ES, Lanning RM. Intrathecal infusional analgesia for nonmalignant pain: analgesic efficacy of intrathecal opioid with or without bupivacaine. J Pain Symptom Manage 1993;8:539-48
- Prialt EPAR scientific discussion. London, UK: European Medicines Agency, 2005
- Rauck RL, Wallace MS, Leong MS, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of intrathecal ziconotide in adults with severe chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006;31:393-406
- Staats PS, Yearwood T, Charapata SG, et al. Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of refractory pain in patients with cancer or AIDS: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:63-70
- Wallace MS, Charapata SG, Fisher R, et al. Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Neuromodulation 2006;9:75-86
- Rawlins M, Culyer A. National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgments. BMJ 2004;329:224-7
- Caro JJ. Pharmacoeconomic analyses using discrete event simulation. Pharmacoeconomics 2005;23:323-32
- Webster L, Fisher R, Charapata S, et al. Long-term intrathecal ziconotide for chronic pain: an open-label study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009;37:363-72. Epub 2008 Aug 19
- Best Practice Guidelines. Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2007
- Government Actuary's Department (UK). [cited 2006]; Available from: http://www.gad.gov.uk/
- British National Formulary (BNF), BNF 52, September 2006. [cited 2006]; Available from: http://www.bnf.org/bnf/
- The Health Service Database 2003. The Healthcare Financial Management Association (HMFA). The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA). London, UK: Institute of Public Finance Limited, 2003
- Personal Social Services expenditure and unit costs: England: 2004-2005. [cited 2006]; Available from: http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/social-care/adult-social-care-information/personal-social-services-expenditure-and-unit-costs:-england:-2004-2005
- Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2006. University of Kent, UK: Personal Social Services Research Unit 2006
- Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Trusts Diagnostic Service Tariffs 2006/07. [cited 2006]; Available from: http://www.newcastle-hospitals.org.uk/directorates/finance/diagnostic-service-tariffs
- Department of Health (DH). National Health Service Reference Costs 2005. In: Schedules ANNTPCRC, edn. London, UK: National Health Service 2006
- Lloyd A, Meguro M, MacLaine G, Verdian L. Eliciting utility scores for health states associated with therapies for severe chronic pain. World Institute of Pain (WIP) 2007, Budapest. Pain Practice 2007;7(Suppl):44
- Noble M, Tregear S, Treadwell J, et al. Long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008;35:214-28
- Thimineur M, Kravitz E, Vodapally M. Intrathecal opioid treatment for chronic non-malignant pain: a 3-year prospective study. Pain 2004;109:242-9
- Turner J, Sears J, Loeser J. Programmable intrathecal opioid delivery systems for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Clin J Pain 2007;23:180-95
- Deer T, Krames ES, Hassenbusch SJ, et al. Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference 2007: Recommendations for the management of pain by intrathecal (intraspinal) drug delivery: Report of an interdisciplinary expert panel. Neuromodulation 2007;10:300-28
- Winkelmuller M, Winkelmuller W. Long-term effects of continuous intrathecal opioid treatment in chronic pain of nonmalignant etiology. J Neurosurg 1996;85:458-67
- Tutak U, Doleys DM. Intrathecal infusion systems for treatment of chronic low back and leg pain of noncancer origin. South Med J 1996;89:295-300
- Kumar K, Hunter G, Demeria DD. Treatment of chronic pain by using intrathecal drug therapy compared with conventional pain therapies: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Neurosurg 2002;97:803-10
- de Lissovoy G, Brown RE, Halpern M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of long-term intrathecal morphine therapy for pain associated with failed back surgery syndrome. Clin Ther 1997;19:96-112; discussion 84-5