464
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Urology: Review

Defining response and non-response to treatment in patients with overactive bladder: a systematic review

, , , &
Pages 509-526 | Accepted 04 Oct 2013, Published online: 25 Nov 2013

References

  • Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2002;21:167-78
  • Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 2010;29:4-20
  • Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, et al. Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol 2006;50:1306-15
  • Milsom I, Abrams P, Cardozo L, et al. How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study. BJU Int 2001;87:760-6
  • Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW, et al. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol 2003;20:327-36
  • Irwin DE, Abrams P, Milsom I, et al. Understanding the elements of overactive bladder: questions raised by the EPIC study. BJU Int 2008;101:1381-7
  • Irwin DE, Milsom I, Kopp Z, et al. Symptom bother and health care-seeking behavior among individuals with overactive bladder. Eur Urol 2008;53:1029-37
  • Abrams P, Andersson KE. Muscarinic receptor antagonists for overactive bladder. BJU Int 2007;100:987-1006
  • Franco I. Pediatric overactive bladder syndrome: pathophysiology and management. Paediatr Drugs 2007;9:379-90
  • Wyman JF, Burgio KL, Newman DK. Practical aspects of lifestyle modifications and behavioural interventions in the treatment of overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:1177-91
  • Rosenberg MT, Dmochowski RR. Overactive bladder: evaluation and management in primary care. Cleve Clin J Med 2005;72:149-56
  • Andersson KE, Chapple CR, Cardozo L, et al. Pharmacological treatment of overactive bladder: report from the International Consultation on Incontinence. Curr Opin Urol 2009;19:380-94
  • Chapple CR, Khullar V, Gabriel Z, et al. The effects of antimuscarinic treatments in overactive bladder: an update of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2008;54:543-62
  • Chapple CR, Rosenberg MT, Brenes FJ. Listening to the patient: a flexible approach to the use of antimuscarinic agents in overactive bladder syndrome. BJU Int 2009;104:960-7
  • Klutke CG, Burgio KL, Wyman JF, et al. Combined effects of behavioral intervention and tolterodine in patients dissatisfied with overactive bladder medication. J Urol 2009;181:2599-607
  • Robinson D, Cardozo L. Overactive bladder: diagnosis and management. Maturitas 2012;71:188-93
  • Kaplan SA, Herschorn S, Carlsson M, et al. Urgency urinary incontinence response rates in subjects with overactive bladder treated with fesoterodine 8 mg after suboptimal response to tolterodine extended release 4 mg: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn 2013;32:S1-S58
  • Khullar V, Amarenco G, Angulo JC, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron, a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in patients with overactive bladder: results from a randomised European–Australian phase 3 trial. Eur Urol 2013;63:283-95
  • Herschorn S, Barkin J, Castro-Diaz D, et al. A phase iii, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to assess the efficacy and safety of the beta3 adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder. Urology 2013;82:313-20
  • Nitti VW, Khullar V, van Kerrebroeck P, et al. Mirabegron for the treatment of overactive bladder: a prespecified pooled efficacy analysis and pooled safety analysis of three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. Int J Clin Pract 2013;67:619-32
  • Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network. Design of the Behavior Enhances Drug Reduction of Incontinence (BE-DRI) study. Contemp Clin Trials 2007;28:48-58
  • Chapple C, DuBeau C, Ebinger U, et al. Darifenacin treatment of patients >or= 65 years with overactive bladder: results of a randomized, controlled, 12-week trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:2347-58
  • Wagg A, Wyndaele JJ, Sieber P. Efficacy and tolerability of solifenacin in elderly subjects with overactive bladder syndrome: a pooled analysis. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006;4:14-24
  • Colman S, Chapple C, Nitti V, et al. Validation of Treatment Benefit Scale for assessing subjective outcomes in treatment of overactive bladder. Urology 2008;72:803-7
  • Sussman DO, Kraus SR, Carlsson M, et al. Onset of efficacy of tolterodine extended release in patients with overactive bladder. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:777-81
  • Brunton S, Kuritzky L. Recent developments in the management of overactive bladder: focus on the efficacy and tolerability of once daily solifenacin succinate 5 mg. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:71-80
  • Bolduc S, Moore K, Lebel S, et al. Double anticholinergic therapy for refractory overactive bladder. J Urol 2009;182:2033-8
  • van der Pal F, van Balken MR, Heesakkers JP, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of refractory overactive bladder syndrome: is maintenance treatment necessary? BJU Int 2006;97:547-50
  • Khan S, Panicker J, Roosen A, et al. Complete continence after botulinum neurotoxin type A injections for refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity incontinence: patient-reported outcome at 4 weeks. Eur Urol 2010;57:891-6
  • Denys P, Le Normand L, Ghout I, et al. Efficacy and safety of low doses of onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of refractory idiopathic overactive bladder: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Eur Urol 2012;61:520-9
  • Hoebeke P, De Caestecker K, Vande Walle J, et al. The effect of botulinum-A toxin in incontinent children with therapy resistant overactive detrusor. J Urol 2006;176:328-30, discussion 30-1
  • Lahdes-Vasama TT, Anttila A, Wahl E, et al. Urodynamic assessment of children treated with botulinum toxin A injections for urge incontinence: a pilot study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2011;45:397-400
  • Okamura K, Nojiri Y, Ameda K, et al. Botulinum toxin A submucosal injection for refractory non-neurogenic overactive bladder: early outcomes. Int J Urol 2011;18:483-7
  • Alloussi SH, Lang C, Eichel R, et al. Videourodynamic changes of botulinum toxin A in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NBD) and idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO) refractory to drug treatment. World J Urol 2012;30:367-73
  • Finazzi Agro E, Campagna A, Sciobica F, et al. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation: is the once-a-week protocol the best option? Minerva Urol Nefrol 2005;57:119-23
  • Finazzi Agro E, Petta F, Sciobica F, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation effects on detrusor overactivity incontinence are not due to a placebo effect: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Urol 2010;184:2001-6
  • Yoong W, Ridout AE, Damodaram M, et al. Neuromodulative treatment with percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for intractable detrusor instability: outcomes following a shortened 6-week protocol. BJU Int 2010;106:1673-6
  • South MM, Romero AA, Jamison MG, et al. Detrusor overactivity does not predict outcome of sacral neuromodulation test stimulation. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2007;18:1395-8
  • Lordelo P, Soares PV, Maciel I, et al. Prospective study of transcutaneous parasacral electrical stimulation for overactive bladder in children: long-term results. J Urol 2009;182:2900-4
  • Armstrong EP, Malone DC, Bui CN. Cost-effectiveness analysis of anti-muscarinic agents for the treatment of overactive bladder. J Med Econ 2012;15(Suppl 1):35-44
  • Ko Y, Malone DC, Armstrong EP. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of antimuscarinic agents for the treatment of overactive bladder. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:1694-702
  • Arlandis-Guzman S, Errando-Smet C, Trocio J, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of antimuscarinics in the treatment of patients with overactive bladder in Spain: a decision-tree model. BMC Urol 2011;11:9
  • Reeves P, Irwin D, Kelleher C, et al. The current and future burden and cost of overactive bladder in five European countries. Eur Urol 2006;50:1050-7
  • McDowell DT, Noone D, Tareen F, et al. Urinary incontinence in children: botulinum toxin is a safe and effective treatment option. Pediatr Surg Int 2012;28:315-20
  • Burgio KL, Kraus SR, Menefee S, et al. Behavioral therapy to enable women with urge incontinence to discontinue drug treatment: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:161-9
  • Payne CK, Kelleher C. Redefining response in overactive bladder syndrome. BJU Int 2007;99:101-6
  • Chapple C, Herschorn S, Abrams P, et al. Tolterodine treatment improves storage symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder in men treated with α-blockers. Eur Urol 2009;56:534-43
  • Chapple CR, Herschorn S, Abrams P, et al. Efficacy and safety of tolterodine extended-release in men with overactive bladder symptoms treated with an alpha-blocker: effect of baseline prostate-specific antigen concentration. BJU Int 2010;106:1332-8
  • Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Gong J, et al. Add-on fesoterodine for residual storage symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder in men receiving alpha-blocker treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2012;109:1831-40
  • Zinner N, Noe L, Rasouliyan L, et al. Impact of solifenacin on quality of life, medical care use, work productivity, and health utility in the elderly: an exploratory subgroup analysis. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2009;7:373-82
  • Marcelissen TA, Leong RK, de Bie RA, et al. Long-term results of sacral neuromodulation with the tined lead procedure. J Urol 2010;184:1997-2000
  • Marcelissen TA, Leong RK, Serroyen J, et al. The use of bilateral sacral nerve stimulation in patients with loss of unilateral treatment efficacy. J Urol 2011;185:976-80
  • Marcelissen T, Leong R, Serroyen J, et al. Is the screening method of sacral neuromodulation a prognostic factor for long-term success? J Urol 2011;185:583-7
  • Leong RK, De Wachter SG, Nieman FH, et al. PNE versus 1st stage tined lead procedure: a direct comparison to select the most sensitive test method to identify patients suitable for sacral neuromodulation therapy. Neurourol Urodyn 2011;30:1249-52
  • Groenendijk PM, Lycklama a Nyeholt AA, Heesakkers JP, et al. Urodynamic evaluation of sacral neuromodulation for urge urinary incontinence. BJU Int 2008;101:325-9
  • Groenendijk PM, Heesakkers JP, Lycklama ANAA. Urethral instability and sacral nerve stimulation – a better parameter to predict efficacy? J Urol 2007;178:568-72, discussion 72
  • Van Voskuilen AC, Oerlemans DJ, Weil EH, et al. Medium-term experience of sacral neuromodulation by tined lead implantation. BJU Int 2007;99:107-10
  • White WM, Mobley JD 3rd, Doggweiler R, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for refractory overactive bladder in the elderly population. J Urol 2009;182:1449-52
  • Groenendijk PM, Halilovic M, Chandi DD, et al. Extracorporeal magnetic innervation therapy: assessment of clinical efficacy in relation to urodynamic parameters. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2008;42:433-6
  • van Balken MR, Vergunst H, Bemelmans BL. Prognostic factors for successful percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation. Eur Urol 2006;49:360-5
  • Kantartzis K, Shepherd J. Sacral neuromodulation and intravesical botulinum toxin for refractory overactive bladder. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2012;24:331-6
  • Onal M, Ugurlucan FG, Yalcin O. The effects of posterior tibial nerve stimulation on refractory overactive bladder syndrome and bladder circulation. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012;286:1453-7
  • Karademir K, Baykal K, Sen B, et al. A peripheric neuromodulation technique for curing detrusor overactivity: Stoller afferent neurostimulation. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2005;39:230-3
  • Marchal C, Herrera B, Antuna F, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in treatment of overactive bladder: when should retreatment be started? Urology 2011;78:1046-50
  • Marte A, Borrelli M, Sabatino MD, et al. Effectiveness of botulinum-A toxin for the treatment of refractory overactive bladder in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2010;20:153-7
  • Dmochowski R, Chapple C, Nitti VW, et al. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for idiopathic overactive bladder: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, dose ranging trial. J Urol 2010;184:2416-22
  • Okamura K, Hasegawa T, Nojiri Y, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in the elderly by general practitioners. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2008;8:119-25
  • Yoo EH, Kim YM, Kim D. Factors predicting the response to biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011;112:179-81
  • Wagg A, Khullar V, Marschall-Kehrel D, et al. Flexible-dose fesoterodine in elderly adults with overactive bladder: results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fesoterodine in an aging population trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013;61:185-93
  • Liu HT, Kuo HC. Increased expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 in the bladder predicts the response to intravesical instillations of resiniferatoxin in patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 2007;100:1086-90
  • Kuo HC. Comparison of effectiveness of detrusor, suburothelial and bladder base injections of botulinum toxin a for idiopathic detrusor overactivity. J Urol 2007;178:1359-63
  • Wyman JF, Klutke C, Burgio K, et al. Effects of combined behavioral intervention and tolterodine on patient-reported outcomes. Can J Urol 2010;17:5283-90
  • Wyman JF, Harding G, Klutke C, et al. Contributors to satisfaction with combined drug and behavioral therapy for overactive bladder in subjects dissatisfied with prior drug treatment. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2010;37:199-205
  • Wyndaele JJ, Goldfischer ER, Morrow JD, et al. Effects of flexible-dose fesoterodine on overactive bladder symptoms and treatment satisfaction: an open-label study. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:560-7
  • Zinner N, Kobashi KC, Ebinger U, et al. Darifenacin treatment for overactive bladder in patients who expressed dissatisfaction with prior extended-release antimuscarinic therapy. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:1664-74
  • Goldman HB, Morrow JD, Gong J, et al. Early onset of fesoterodine efficacy in subjects with overactive bladder. BJU Int 2011;107:598-602
  • Piault E, Evans CJ, Espindle D, et al. Development and validation of the Overactive Bladder Satisfaction (OAB-S) Questionnaire. Neurourol Urodyn 2008;27:179-90
  • Aaron LE, Morris TJ, Jahshan P, Reiz JL. An evaluation of patient and physician satisfaction with controlled-release oxybutynin 15 mg as a one-step daily dose in elderly and non-elderly patients with overactive bladder: results of the STOP study. Curr Med Res Opin 2012;28:1369-79
  • Pleil AM, Coyne KS, Reese PR, et al. The validation of patient-rated global assessments of treatment benefit, satisfaction, and willingness to continue – the BSW. Value Health 2005;8:S25-34
  • Choo MS, Doo CK, Lee KS. Satisfaction with tolterodine: assessing symptom-specific patient-reported goal achievement in the treatment of overactive bladder in female patients (STARGATE study). Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:191-6
  • Lee KS, Lee YS, Kim JC, et al. Patient-reported goal achievement after antimuscarinic treatment in patients with overactive bladder symptoms. Int J Clin Pract 2012;66:663-70
  • Brubaker L, Richter HE, Visco A, et al. Refractory idiopathic urge urinary incontinence and botulinum A injection. J Urol 2008;180:217-22
  • Chapple C, Van Kerrebroeck P, Tubaro A, et al. Clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily fesoterodine in subjects with overactive bladder. Eur Urol 2007;52:1204-12
  • Nitti VW, Dmochowski R, Sand PK, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of fesoterodine for overactive bladder syndrome. J Urol 2007;178:2488-94
  • Herschorn S, Jones JS, Oelke M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine in men with overactive bladder: a pooled analysis of 2 phase III studies. Urology 2010;75:1149-55
  • Kraus SR, Ruiz-Cerdá JL, Martire D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine in older and younger subjects with overactive bladder. Urology 2010;76:1350-7
  • Sand PK, Morrow JD, Bavendam T, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine in women with overactive bladder. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009;20:827-35
  • Chapple C, Van Kerrebroeck P, Juenemann K, et al. Comparison of fesoterodine and tolterodine in subjects with overactive bladder. BJU Int 2008;102:1128-32
  • Kelleher CJ, Tubaro A, Wang JT, et al. Impact of fesoterodine on quality of life: pooled data from two randomized trials. BJU Int 2008;102:56-61
  • Khullar V, Rovner ES, Dmochowski R, et al. Fesoterodine dose response in subjects with overactive bladder syndrome. Urology 2008;71:839-43
  • Peters KM, Carrico DJ, MacDiarmid SA, et al. Sustained therapeutic effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation: 24-month results of the STEP study. Neurourol Urodyn 2013;32:24-9
  • Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Wooldridge LS, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the long-term treatment of overactive bladder: 3-year results of the STEP study. J Urol 2013;189:2194-201
  • Tincello DG, Kenyon S, Abrams KR, et al. Botulinum toxin a versus placebo for refractory detrusor overactivity in women: a randomised blinded placebo-controlled trial of 240 women (the RELAX study). Eur Urol 2012;62:507-14
  • Kuo HC, Liao CH, Chung SD. Adverse events of intravesical botulinum toxin a injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: risk factors and influence on treatment outcome. Eur Urol 2010;58:919-26
  • Yalcin I, Bump RC. Validation of two global impression questionnaires for incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:98-101
  • Tincello DG, Owen RK, Slack MC, et al. Validation of the Patient Global Impression scales for use in detrusor overactivity: secondary analysis of the RELAX study. BJOG 2013;120:212-16
  • Lordelo P, Teles A, Veiga ML, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in children with overactive bladder: a randomized clinical trial. J Urol 2010;184:683-9
  • Coyne KS, Matza LS, Kopp Z, et al. The validation of the Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC): a single-item global measure for patients with overactive bladder. Eur Urol 2006;49:1079-86
  • Kuo HC. Reduction of urgency severity is associated with long-term therapeutic effect after intravesical onabotulinumtoxin A injection for idiopathic detrusor overactivity. Neurourol Urodyn 2011;30:1497-502
  • Kuo HC. Bladder base/trigone injection is safe and as effective as bladder body injection of onabotulinumtoxinA for idiopathic detrusor overactivity refractory to antimuscarinics. Neurourol Urodyn 2011;30:1242-8
  • Cardozo L, Coyne KS, Versi E. Validation of the Urgency Perception Scale. BJU Int 2005;95:591-6
  • Elinoff V, Bavendam T, Glasser DB, et al. Symptom-specific efficacy of tolterodine extended release in patients with overactive bladder: the IMPACT trial. Int J Clin Pract 2006;60:745-51
  • Landis JR, Kaplan S, Swift S, et al. Efficacy of antimuscarinic therapy for overactive bladder with varying degrees of incontinence severity. J Urol 2004;171:752-6
  • Staskin DR, Cardozo L. Baseline incontinence severity is predictive of the percentage of patients continent after receiving once-daily trospium chloride extended release. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:973-6
  • Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol 2012;188:2455-63
  • Nitti VW, Kopp Z, Lin AT, et al. Can we predict which patient will fail drug treatment for overactive bladder? A think tank discussion. Neurourol Urodyn 2010;29:652-7
  • Herschorn S, Kaplan SA, Wang JT, et al. Can baseline characteristics of subjects with overactive bladder predict responsiveness to antimuscarinic treatment. European Association of Urology, 24–28 February 2012, Paris, France
  • Coyne KS, Payne C, Bhattacharyya SK, et al. The impact of urinary urgency and frequency on health-related quality of life in overactive bladder: results from a national community survey. Value Health 2004;7:455-63
  • Michel MC, Chapple CR. Basic mechanisms of urgency: preclinical and clinical evidence. Eur Urol 2009;56:298-307
  • Chapple CR, Artibani W, Cardozo LD, et al. The role of urinary urgency and its measurement in the overactive bladder symptom syndrome: current concepts and future prospects. BJU Int 2005;95:335-40
  • Blaivas JG, Panagopoulos G, Weiss JP, et al. Two types of urgency. Neurourol Urodyn 2009;28:188-90
  • Abrams P, Chapple CR, Junemann KP, et al. Urinary urgency: a review of its assessment as the key symptom of the overactive bladder syndrome. World J Urol 2012;30:385-92
  • Nixon A, Colman S, Sabounjian L, et al. A validated patient reported measure of urinary urgency severity in overactive bladder for use in clinical trials. J Urol 2005;174:604-7
  • Irwin DE, Milsom I, Kopp Z, et al. Impact of overactive bladder symptoms on employment, social interactions and emotional well-being in six European countries. BJU Int 2006;97:96-100
  • Subak LL, Brown JS, Kraus SR, et al. The ‘costs’ of urinary incontinence for women. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:908-16
  • Campbell JD, Gries KS, Watanabe JH, et al. Treatment success for overactive bladder with urinary urge incontinence refractory to oral antimuscarinics: a review of published evidence. BMC Urol 2009;9:18
  • Coyne KS, Tubaro A, Brubaker L, et al. Development and validation of patient-reported outcomes measures for overactive bladder: a review of concepts. Urology 2006;68:9-16
  • Dmochowski RR, Newman DK. Impact of overactive bladder on women in the United States: results of a national survey. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:65-76
  • Smith AL, Nissim HA, Le TX, et al. Misconceptions and miscommunication among aging women with overactive bladder symptoms. Urology 2011;77:55-9
  • Brubaker L, Khullar V, Piault E, et al. Goal attainment scaling in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: development and pilot testing of the Self-Assessment Goal Achievement (SAGA) questionnaire. Int Urogynecol J 2011;22:937-46
  • Brubaker L, Piault EC, Tully SE, et al. Validation study of the Self-Assessment Goal Achievement (SAGA) questionnaire for lower urinary tract symptoms. Int J Clin Pract 2013;67:342-50
  • Khullar V, Espuna-Pons M, Marschall-Kehrel D, et al. Clinical value of a patient-reported goal-attainment measure: the global development of Self-Assessment Goal Achievement (SAGA) questionnaire for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Neurourol Urodyn 2013. Epub ahead of print

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.