Differential diagnosis, comorbidity, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in relation to bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder in adults

References

• Turgay A, Goodman DW, Asherson P, et al. ADHD Transition Phase Model Working Group. Lifespan persistence of ADHD: the life transition model and its application. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:192-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 2006;36:159-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J, et al. Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2006-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asherson P, Akehurst R, Kooij JJ, et al. Under diagnosis of adult ADHD: cultural influences and societal burden. J Atten Disord 2012;16(5 Suppl):20-38S
   Google Scholar
• Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, et al. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooij JJ, Huss M, Asherson P, et al. Distinguishing comorbidity and successful management of adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 2012;16(5 Suppl):3-19S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox DJ, Madaan V, Cox BS. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and driving: why and how to manage it. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2011;13:345-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klassen LJ, Katzman MA, Chokka P. Adult ADHD and its comorbidities, with a focus on bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2010;124:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent L, Craddock N. Is there a relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder? J Affect Disord 2003;73:211-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingo AP, Ghaemi, SN. A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1776-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffer RE. Concurrent ADHD and bipolar disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007;9:415-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skirrow C, Hosang GM, Farmer AE, Asherson P. An update on the debated association between ADHD and bipolar disorder across the lifespan. J Affect Disord 2012;141:143-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmaca M, Ozler S, Topuz M, Goldstein S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder erroneously diagnosed and treated as bipolar disorder. J Atten Disord 2009;13:197-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipsen A. Differential diagnosis and comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adults. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;256(Suppl 1):i42-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philipsen A, Feige B, Hesslinger B, et al. Borderline typical symptoms in adult patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord 2009;1:11-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein MA. Medical mimics and differential diagnosis in adult ADHD. CNS Spectr 2008;13(10 Suppl 15):14-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Kennedy SH, Soczynska JK, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder: results from the international mood disorders collaborative project. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2010;12(3):pii: PCC.09m00861. doi: 10.4088/PCC.09m00861gry
   Google Scholar
• Tamam L, Karakus G, Ozpoyraz N. Comorbidity of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: prevalence and clinical correlates. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;258:385-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipsen A, Limberger MF, Lieb K, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as a potentially aggravating factor in borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2008;192:118-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer M, Andión O, Matalí J, et al. Comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in borderline patients defines an impulsive subtype of borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2010;24:812-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngstrom EA, Arnold LE, Frazier TW. Bipolar and ADHD comorbidity: both artifact and outgrowth of shared mechanisms. Clin Psychol 2010;17:350-9
   Google Scholar
• Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders: issues of overlapping symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1793-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi S, Cortese S, Solanto M, et al. Bipolar disorder and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A distinct clinical phenotype? Clinical characteristics and temperamental traits. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010;11:656-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaahmet E, Konuk N, Dalkilic A, et al. The comorbidity of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in bipolar disorder patients. Compr Psychiatry 2013;54:549-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens TE, Biederman J, Wozniak J, et al. Can adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder be distinguished from those with comorbid bipolar disorder? Findings from a sample of clinically referred adults. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt DJ, Fone K, Asherson P, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents in transition to adult services and in adults: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2007;21:10-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV. Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:816-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson H, Dilshad R, Lichtenstein P, et al. Developmental trajectories of DSM-IV symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: genetic effects, family risk and associated psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011;52:954-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronald A, Simonoff E, Kuntsi J, et al. Evidence for overlapping genetic influences on autistic and ADHD behaviours in a community twin sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008;49:535-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffer RE, Kowatch RA, Carmody T, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of mixed amphetamine salts for symptoms of comorbid ADHD in pediatric bipolar disorder after mood stabilization with divalproex sodium. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:58-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torralva T, Gleichgerrcht E, Torrente F, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in adult bipolar disorder and ADHD patients: a comparative study. Psychiatry Res 2011;186:261-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nierenberg AA, Miyahara S, Spencer T, et al. Clinical and diagnostic implications of lifetime attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in adults with bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 STEP-BD participants. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:1467-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Schalkwyk GI, Schronen J. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: a guide for the general practitioner. S Afr Fam Pract 2011;53:131-4
   Google Scholar
• Asherson P. Clinical assessment and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Expert Rev Neurother 2005;5:525-39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skirrow C, McLoughlin G, Kuntsi J, et al. Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Expert Rev Neurother 2009;9:489-503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirrow C, Asherson P. Emotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Affect Disord 2013;147:80-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowson J, Bazanis E, Rogers R, et al. Impulsivity in patients with borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2004;45:29-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesslinger B, Tebartz van Elst L, Nyberg E, et al. Psychotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults – a pilot study using a structured skills training program. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002;252:177-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnow S, Rüge J, Spitzer C, et al. [Temperament and character in persons with borderline personality disorder]. Nervenarzt 2005;76:839-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati A, Donati D, Donini M, et al. Temperament, character, and attachment patterns in borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2001;15:390-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:543-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan MM. Cognitive–behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press, 1993
   Google Scholar
• Miller CJ, Flory JD, Miller SR, et al. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence: a prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1477-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distel MA, Carlier A, Middeldorp CM, et al. Borderline personality traits and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a genetic analysis of comorbidity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011;156B:817-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culpepper L, Mattingly G. A practical guide to recognition and diagnosis of ADHD in adults in the primary care setting. Postgrad Med 2008;120:16-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooij JJS. Adult ADHD: Diagnostic Assessment and Treatment. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Pearson Assessment and Information, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Ginsberg Y, Hirvikoski T, Lindefors N. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among longer-term prison inmates is a prevalent, persistent and disabling disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao P, Place M. Prevalence of ADHD in four general adult outpatient clinics in North East England. Prog Neurol Psychiatry 2011;15:7-10
   Google Scholar
• UKAAN. Handbook for Adult ADHD. London: Springer Healthcare, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Barkley R, Murphy K. A Clinical Workbook: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. New York: Guilford Press, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Koeter MW, et al. Validity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) as a screener for adult ADHD in treatment seeking substance use disorder patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013;132:587-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen NP, Wiig EH. AQT cognitive speed and processing efficiency differentiate adults with and without ADHD: a preliminary study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2011;15:219-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderström S, Pettersson R, Nilsson KW. Quantitative and subjective behavioural aspects in the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Nord J Psychiatry 2014;68:30–7
   Google Scholar
• Reh V, Schmidt M, Lam L, et al. Behavioral assessment of core ADHD symptoms using the QbTest. J Atten Disord 2013: epub ahead of print. doi:10.1177/1087054712472981
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Adolfsson R, Benazzi F, et al. The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. J Affect Disord 2005;88:217-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halmøy A, Halleland H, Dramsdahl M, et al. Bipolar symptoms in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a cross-sectional study of 510 clinically diagnosed patients and 417 population-based controls. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:48-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picardi A. Rating scales in bipolar disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2009;22:42-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mould G, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. King’s College London, UK. Unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, et al. A screening measure for BPD: the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD). J Pers Disord 2003;17:568-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston JP, Kroenke K, Faries DE, et al. A provisional screening instrument for four common mental disorders in adult primary care patients. Psychosomatics 2011;52:48-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faries DE, Houston JP, Sulcs EM, et al. A cross-validation of the provisional diagnostic instrument (PDI-4). BMC Fam Pract 2012;13:104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein J, Johnson D, Conners CK. Conners’ Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID). NY, USA: Multi Health Systems Inc., 1999
   Google Scholar
• Kooij JJS, Francken MH. Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults (DIVA 2.0). Available at: http://www.divacenter.eu [Last accessed 3 September 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Primich C, Iennaco J. Diagnosing adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: the importance of establishing daily life contexts for symptoms and impairments. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2012;19:362-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence (NICE). Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12061/42059/42059.pdf [Last accessed 27 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Adler LA. Epidemiology, impairments, and differential diagnosis in adult ADHD: introduction. CNS Spectr 2008;13(8 Suppl 12):4-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton A. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, et al. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978;133:429-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson JG, Kolb JE, Austin V. The diagnostic interview for borderline patients. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138:896-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, et al. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Loranger AW, Sartorius N, Janca A. Assessment and Diagnosis of Personality Disorders: The International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Zanarini MC. Diagnostic Interview for Personality Disorders (DIPD). Belmont, MA: McLean Hospital, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Pfohl B, Blum N, Zimmerman M. Structured Interview for DSM-IV personality (SIDP-IV). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, et al. Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD): a continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. J Pers Disord 2003;17:233-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran P, Crawford MJ. Assessing the severity of borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2013;203:163-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylander L, Holmqvist M, Gustafson L, et al. ADHD in adult psychiatry. Minimum rates and clinical presentation in general psychiatry outpatients. Nord J Psychiatry 2009;63:64-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida Montes LG, Hernández García AO, Ricardo-Garcell J. ADHD prevalence in adult outpatients with nonpsychotic psychiatric illnesses. J Atten Disord 2007;11:150-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmerman M, Rothschild L, Chelminski I. The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1911-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:716-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190:402-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon V, Czobor P, Bálint S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2009;194:204-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge JJ. Gender differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010;33:357-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson H, Asherson P, Chang Z, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a large Swedish population-based study of twins. Psychol Med 2013;43:197-207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitter I, Simon V, Bálint S, et al. How do different diagnostic criteria, age and gender affect the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults? An epidemiological study in a Hungarian community sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010;260:287-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:241-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayuso-Mateos JL. Global burden of bipolar disorder in the year 2000. World Health Organization, 2006. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_bipolar.pdf [Last accessed 6 September 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Coid J, Yang M, Tyrer P, et al. Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:423-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels J, Eaton WW, Bienvenu OJ III, et al. Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:536-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Chou SP, Goldstein RB, et al. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:533-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J, Azorin JM, Bowden CL, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:791-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J, Gamma A, Bowden CL, et al. Evidence-based definitions of bipolar-I and bipolar-II disorders among 5635 patients with major depressive episodes in the Bridge Study: validity and comorbidity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013;263:663-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J, Cui L, Swendsen J, et al. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold bipolarity in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:1194-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masi G, Perugi G, Toni C, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – bipolar comorbidity in children and adolescents. Bipolar Disord 2006;8:373-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamam L, Tuğlu C, Karatas G, et al. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission: preliminary study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;60:480-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydén E, Thase ME, Stråht D, et al. A history of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impacts clinical outcome in adult bipolar patients regardless of current ADHD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2009;120:239-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs GS, Baldassano CF, Truman CJ, et al. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with early- and late-onset bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:466-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson H, Rydén E, Boman M, et al. Risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in relatives of people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2013;203:103-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mennin D, et al. Bipolar and antisocial disorders among relatives of ADHD children: parsing familial subtypes of illness. Am J Med Genet 1998;81:108-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder in girls: further evidence for a familial subtype? J Affect Disord 2001;64:19-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Makris N, Valera EM, et al. Towards further understanding of the co-morbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: a MRI study of brain volumes. Psychol Med 2008;38:1045-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monuteaux MC, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, et al. A preliminary study of dopamine D4 receptor genotype and structural brain alterations in adults with ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008;147B:1436-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown A, Biederman J, Valera E, et al. Working memory network alterations and associated symptoms in adults with ADHD and bipolar disorder. J Psychiatric Res 2012;46:476-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makris N, Seidman LJ, Brown A, et al. Further understanding of the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder in adults: an MRI study of cortical thickness. Psychiatry Res 2012;202:1-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumyn L, French L, Hechtman L. Comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2009;54:673-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobanski E, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, et al. Emotional lability in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): clinical correlates and familial prevalence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010;51:915-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merwood A. Exploring the aetiology of ADHD: rater effects, the comorbidity with temperament and emotional lability, and polygenic scores. [PhD thesis]. King’s College London, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Hesslinger B, Tebartz van Elst L, Thiel T, et al. Frontoorbital volume reductions in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Lett 2002;328:319-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst M, Kimes AS, London ED, et al. Neural substrates of decision making in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1061-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmahl CG, Vermetten E, Elzinga BM, et al. A positron emission tomography study of memories of childhood abuse in borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:759-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloff PH, Meltzer CC, Greer PJ, et al. Fenfluramine-activated FDG-PET study of borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:540-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollm B, Richardson P, Stirling J, et al. Neurobiological substrates of antisocial and borderline personality disorder: preliminary results of a functional FMRI study. Crim Behav Ment Health 2004;14:39-54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, et al. Neuropsychological deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia. Bipolar Disord 2007;9:114-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post RE, Kurlansik SL. Diagnosis and management of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am Fam Physician 2012;85:890-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DelBello MP, Soutullo CA, Hendricks W, et al. Prior stimulant treatment in adolescents with bipolar disorder: association with age at onset. Bipolar Disord 2001;3:53-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K, Nayar D, Howe M, Rana M. Atomoxetine as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of co-morbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with bipolar I or II disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009;19:547-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahali K, Uneri OS, Ipek H. Atomoxetine-induced mania-like symptoms in an adolescent patient. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2013;41:137-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hah M, Chang K. Atomoxetine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005;15:996-1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson TA. Mania induction associated with atomoxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:567-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson TA, Hartman K. Aggression, mania, and hypomania induction associated with atomoxetine. Pediatrics 2004;114:895-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg S, Chouinard G. A case of mania associated with tomoxetine. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1517-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens TE, Prince JB, Spencer T, et al. An open trial of bupropion for the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:9-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katagiri H, Tohen M, McDonnell DP, et al. Efficacy and safety of olanzapine for treatment of patients with bipolar depression: Japanese subpopulation analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E, Reed C. Effectiveness of olanzapine monotherapy and olanzapine combination treatment in the long term following acute mania – results of a two year observational study in bipolar disorder (EMBLEM). J Affect Disord 2011;131:320-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo WV, Epstein RA, Shelton RC. Olanzapine monotherapy for acute depression in patients with bipolar I or II disorder: results of an 8-week open label trial. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010;25:30-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine as maintenance therapy in patients with bipolar I disorder responding to acute treatment with olanzapine. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:247-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanzapine Prescribing Information. Eli Lilly and Company. Available at: http://pi.lilly.com/us/zyprexa-pi.pdf [Last accessed 12 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, Strong RE, et al. Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD and response to atomoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:125-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimherr FW, Williams ED, Strong RE, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate in adults with ADHD with assessment of oppositional and emotional dimensions of the disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:93-101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler M, Retz W, Fischer R, et al. Twenty-four-week treatment with extended release methylphenidate improves emotional symptoms in adult ADHD. World J Biol Psychiatry 2002;11:709-18
   Google Scholar
• Borderline Personality Disorder. The NICE Guidelines on Treatment and Management. National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence (NICE). Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/Borderline%20personality%20disorder%20full%20guideline-published.pdf [Last accessed 21 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Philipsen A, Richter H, Peters J, et al. Structured group psychotherapy in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of an open multicentre study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007;195:1013-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safren SA, Otto MW, Sprich S, et al. Cognitive–behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication treated adults with continued symptoms. Behav Res Ther 2005;43:831-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffers J, Völlm BA, Rücker G, et al. Pharmacological interventions for borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;16:CD005653
   Google Scholar
• Zanarini MC, Schulz SC, Detke HC, et al. A dose comparison of olanzapine for the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:1353-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Eynde F, De Saedeleer S, Naudts K, et al. Quetiapine treatment and improved cognitive functioning in borderline personality disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009;24:646-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalley JW, Roiser JP. Dopamine, serotonin and impulsivity. Neuroscience 2012;215:42-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coccaro EF, Lee R, McCloskey M. Norepinephrine function in personality disorder: Plasma free MHPG correlates inversely with life history of aggression. CNS Spectr 2003;8:731-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinne T, van den Brink W, Wouters L, et al. SSRI treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial for female patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:2048-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Parachini EAA. Preliminary, randomized trial of fluoxetine, olanzapine, and the olanzapine–fluoxetine combination in women with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:903-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retz W, Freitag CM, Retz-Junginger P, et al. A functional serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism increases ADHD symptoms in delinquents: interaction with adverse childhood environment. Psychiatry Res 2008;158:123-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipsen A, Richter H, Schmahl C, et al. Clonidine in acute aversive inner tension and self-injurious behavior in female patients with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1414-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golubchik P, Sever J, Zalsman G, et al. Methylphenidate in the treatment of female adolescents with cooccurrence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder: a preliminary open-label trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;23:228-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golubchik P, Sever J, Weizman A. Influence of methylphenidate treatment on smoking behavior in adolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity and borderline personality disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009;32:239-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar