Therapeutic lipid target achievements among high and highest risk patients: results from the CEPHEUS study in the Arabian Gulf

References

• Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, et al. Predicting coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older persons. The Framingham study. JAMA 1977;238:497-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Management Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner SM; American Diabetes Association. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26(Suppl 1):S83-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grundy SM. Cholesterol-lowering clinical trials: a historical perspective. In: Grundy SM, ed. Cholesterol Lowering Therapy: Evaluation of Clinical Trial Evidence. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000:1-44
   Google Scholar
• Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, et al. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet 2001;358:2026-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui Y, Blumenthal RS, Flaws JA, et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1413-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner V, Hardison R, Kelsey SF, et al. Non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels predict five-year outcome in the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation (BARI). Circulation 2002;106:2537-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt C, Bergström G. Apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio and apolipoprotein B: long-term predictors of myocardial infarction in initially healthy middle-aged men – a 13-year follow-up. Angiology 2013: published online 25 November 2013. doi: 10.1177/0003319713511849
   Google Scholar
• Sniderman AD, Furberg CD, Keech A, et al. Apoproteins versus lipids as indices of coronary risk and as targets for statin therapy: analysis of the evidence. Lancet 2003;361:777-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne CM, Andrews TC, Hsia JA, et al; ACCESS Study Group. Correlation of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with apolipoprotein B: effect of 5 hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:265-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastelein JJ, van der Steeg WA, Holme I, et al; TNT Study Group; IDEAL Study Group. Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment. Circulation 2008;117:3002-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Graaf J, Couture P, Sniderman A. A diagnostic algorithm for the atherogenic apolipoprotein B dyslipoproteinaemias. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008;4:608-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD, et al; American Diabetes Association; American College of Cardiology Foundation. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk. Consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Diabetes Care 2008;31:811-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arafah M, Al-Hinai AT, Mahmeed WA, et al. Centralized Pan-Middle East survey on the undertreatment of hypercholesterolemia: results from the CEPHEUS study in Arabian Gulf Countries. Angiology 2013: published online 3 December 2013. doi: 10.1177/0003319713512414
   Google Scholar
• Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2375-414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and the International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120:1640-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekiner E, Oguz A, Uzunlulu M, et al. Apolipoprotein B assessment for evaluating lipid goals. Acta Cardiol 2011;66:433-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlton-Menys V, Betteridge DJ, Colhoun H, et al. Targets of statin therapy: LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Clin Chem 2009;55:473-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM. Low-density lipoprotein, non–high-density lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein B as targets of lipid-lowering therapy. Circulation 2002;106:2526-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Waili K, Al-Zakwani I, Al-Dughaishi T, et al. Comparison of therapeutic lipid target achievements among high-risk patients in Oman. Angiology 2014;65:430-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Siyabi K, Farhan H, Al-Rasadi K, et al. Safety of simvastatin and goal attainment for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. Oman Med J 2010;4:264-8
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne MD, Bertolami M, Hernandez Garcia HR, et al. Achieving LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B target levels in high-risk patients: Measuring Effective Reductions in Cholesterol Using Rosuvastatin therapY (MERCURY) II. Am Heart J 2006;151:975.e1-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenson RS, Carlson DM, Kelly MT, et al. Achievement of lipid targets with the combination of rosuvastatin and fenofibric acid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011;25:47-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyton JR, Betteridge DJ, Farnier M, et al. Achievement of recommended lipid and lipoprotein levels with combined ezetimibe/statin therapy versus statin alone in patients with and without diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2011;8:160-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1431-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossebo AB, Pederson TR, Boman K, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1343-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keech, A, Simes RJ, Barter P, et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1849-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1563-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The AIM-HIGH Investigators. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2255-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar